胸科手术单肺通气期间患者局部脑氧饱和度降低的相关因素分析
2018-01-08龚亚红王维嘉黄宇光
龚亚红,王维嘉,魏 伟,黄宇光
1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院麻醉科,北京 100730 2北京市房山区第一医院麻醉科,北京 102400
·论著·
胸科手术单肺通气期间患者局部脑氧饱和度降低的相关因素分析
龚亚红1,王维嘉1,魏 伟2,黄宇光1
1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院麻醉科,北京 1007302北京市房山区第一医院麻醉科,北京 102400
目的研究胸科手术单肺通气(OLV)期间与局部脑氧饱和度(rScO2)下降的相关因素。方法序贯纳入2016年5至10月在北京协和医院实施全麻单肺通气的胸科手术患者33例,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级。采用静脉诱导,术中吸入七氟醚维持。OLV期间,维持潮气量为6~7 ml/kg,呼气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2)在35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。麻醉过程中,维持脉搏血氧饱和度>90%,收缩压>90 mmHg或降低不超过基础值的30%,心率>50次/min,血红蛋白>90 g/L。采用FORESIGHT电极探头持续监测rScO2,根据术中rScO2的最低值是否低于65%或较基础值降低15%以上将患者分为低rScO2组(L-rScO2组)(n=10)和高rScO2组(H-rScO2组)(n=23)。比较两组患者的性别、年龄、体质量指数、术中血红蛋白及rScO2最低时点的气道峰压(Ppeak)、收缩压、PetCO2和SpO2。结果L-rScO2组的Ppeak显著高于H-rScO2组(P=0.028),而收缩压显著低于H-rScO2组(P=0.046),L-rScO2组的SpO2有低于H-rScO2组的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.421)。非条件Logistic回归分析示Ppeak是导致OLV期间rScO2降低的相关因素。结论胸科手术OLV期间,Ppeak与术中rScO2的下降存在关联。
单肺通气;气道峰压;局部脑氧饱和度
局部脑氧饱和度(regional cerebral oxygen saturation,rScO2)采用近红外光谱法监测大脑局部区域的混合血氧饱和度,是评估局部脑组织氧供需状态的一种持续无创监测技术[1]。既往研究表明冠状动脉搭桥手术中rScO2的降低值与术后神经功能并发症、认知功能障碍及住院时间延长呈明显相关性[2- 3]。新近研究显示,在胸科手术患者中rScO2降低是术后认知功能障碍的独立危险因素[4]。但影响胸科手术中rScO2值的危险因素目前尚不明确。本研究旨在分析胸科手术单肺通气过程中导致rScO2下降的相关因素。
对象和方法
对象序贯纳入北京协和医院2016年5至10月在全身麻醉单肺通气下行胸科手术(肺或食管)的患者33例,其中女15例、男18例,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,年龄36~79岁,体重46~105 kg,身高150~178 cm。术中单肺通气时间大于30 min,术前的心肺功能正常。排除标准:严重的高血压控制不佳、心脑血管疾病、严重肝肾功能疾病、神经系统疾病或拒绝参加本研究的患者。
麻醉方法所有患者均采用标准的吸入麻醉方法,入室后监测心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)、脉搏血氧饱和度 (pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)、心率(heart rate,HR)、血压(blood pressure,BP)和呼气末二氧化碳分压(end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure,PetCO2)。麻醉诱导采用咪达唑仑1~2 mg,芬太尼2~3 μg/kg或舒芬太尼0.2~0.3 μg/kg、丙泊酚1~2 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.8 mg/kg静脉注射。双腔气管导管插入后采用听诊和纤维支气管镜检查相结合确认位置是否合适。麻醉维持采用笑气+七氟醚持续吸入,芬太尼1~2 μg/kg或舒芬太尼0.1~0.2 μg/kg间断推注维持镇痛,罗库溴铵0.2 mg/kg间断推注或顺势阿曲库铵持续泵注维持肌松。术中将脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)值维持在40~60以保证合适的麻醉深度。双肺通气时,潮气量为7~9 ml/kg,单肺通气时,潮气量为6~7 ml/kg,调整呼吸频率将PetCO2维持在35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),吸呼比为1∶ 1.5。SpO2低于90%时,加用5~8 mmHg的呼气末正压。麻醉过程中收缩压低于90 mmHg或血压低于基础值的30%时,给予麻黄素6 mg单次推注,HR低于50 次/min,给予阿托品0.5 mg静脉推注。rScO2由专门的研究人员监测并记录,患者的主麻医生不知晓rScO2的数值。研究人员采用酒精棉片消毒患者额头正中的皮肤,等酒精干燥后将FORESIGHT电极探头贴在额头处,入室吸氧诱导前开始测量rScO2的值,直至麻醉苏醒拔管。
监测指标记录患者的年龄、体重和体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),术中持续监测rScO2、术中rScO2最低值(minimum rScO2,rScO2min)。入室后吸氧前、诱导插管后即刻以及术中每隔5分钟记录患者的收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、HR、气道峰压(peak airway pressure,Ppeak)、PetCO2、SPO2的值。检测并记录患者的基础血红蛋白和术中出血结束后的血红蛋白水平,记录术中出血量和输液量。
统计学处理采用SPSS 15.0软件进行数据统计。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布的计量资料以中位数和四分位数间距表示,气道峰压的组间比较采用Mann-WhitneyU检验。根据组间比较筛选出差异有统计学意义的变量作为自变量,采用非条件Logistic回归分析单肺通气过程中rScO2值降低的相关因素。采用PASS软件计算检验效率。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结 果
术中rScO2变化趋势共33例患者纳入统计学分析,单肺通气期间所有患者的SpO2均能维持在90%以上,最低血红蛋白浓度均大于90 g/L。手术期间,rScO2min均发生于单肺通气过程中(图1),rScO2min低于65%或较基础值降低15%以上的患者为10例,rScO2min高于65%或较基础值降低小于15%的患者为23例。
影响rScO2的相关因素根据rScO2min是否低于65%或较基础值降低15%以上将患者分为低rScO2(low rScO2,L-rScO2)组(n=10)和高rScO2(high rScO2,H-rScO2)组(n=23)。两组之间的年龄、BMI、SpO2、PetCO2、血红蛋白、出血量和输液量之间差异均无统计学意义(表1)。H-rScO2组有9例术中使用过麻黄素,每次剂量为6 mg,2例用了2次,
rScO2:局部脑氧饱和度;T0:吸空气时的基础值;T1:插管后即刻;T2:双肺通气侧卧位10 min;T3:单肺通气15 min;T4:单肺期间rScO2最低值;T5:再次双肺通气10 min
rScO2:regional cerebral oxygen saturation;T0:baseline value on room air;T1:immediately after intubation;T2:10 minutes after lateral position with two-lung ventilation;T3:15 minutes after one-lung ventilation;T4:minimum rScO2during one-lung ventilation;T5:10 minutes after resuming of two-lung ventilation
图1术中rScO2变化趋势
Fig1Intraoperative changes of rScO2
1例用了3次,其余患者均用了1次。L-rScO2组使用麻黄素患者4例,2例用了2次,2例用了1次。除L-rScO2组1例患者在手术过程中使用过1次麻黄素外,其余患者均在诱导后手术开始前使用麻黄素,且所有患者均未在rScO2min点使用麻黄素。L-rScO2组的Ppeak显著高于H-rScO2组(Z=-2.208,P=0.028),而SBP显著低于H-rScO2组(t=-0.635,P=0.046),L-rScO2组的SpO2有低于H-rScO2组的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(t=-2.210,P=0.421)(表1)。非条件Logistic回归分析显示Ppeak是患者单肺通气期间rScO2降低的相关因素(表2)。
讨 论
本研究显示胸科手术单肺通气期间脑rScO2可能出现降低,L-rScO2组的气道峰压和收缩压显著高于H-rScO2组,且气道峰压是患者rScO2降低的相关因素。术中呼气末二氧化碳维持在35~45 mmHg,SpO2维持在90%~100%,血红蛋白>90 g/L时,L-rScO2组和H-rScO2组的PetCO2、SpO2和血红蛋白水平差异无统计学意义。
rScO2监测具有实时、连续、无创、操作简便及受干扰少等特点,目前已在临床得到推广应用。既往研究表明胸科手术单肺通气期间患者rScO2的下降幅度可能大于15%,甚至在20%以上,并且常规监测并不能发现rScO2的降低[4,5]。不同人群rScO2的正常值范围存在一定的变异性,因此术中rScO2的安全范围目前尚无明确的定论[6]。但有研究显示rScO2<65%的患者术后神经系统并发症的发生率是rScO2>65%患者的2.37倍[7]。因此本研究将分组标准定为rScO2低于65%或较基础值下降15%以上。
rScO2检测的是局部脑组织混合血氧饱和度,能够反应局部大脑的氧供需平衡。而Abdul-Khaliq等[8]采用经典的颈静脉球部采血测定混合静脉血氧饱和度与rScO2的准确性相比较,发现rScO2与混合静脉血氧饱和度呈良好的线性相关(r=0.93,P<0.01),提示在无严重脑血管疾病的患者中rScO2能够很好地反映全脑的氧供需平衡情况。因此,从理论上来说影响大脑氧供需平衡的因素都可能影响rScO2的数值。
本研究提示单肺通气期间的气道峰压可能是导致rScO2降低的相关因素。胸科手术单肺通气期间,手术侧胸膜腔开放,胸腔内负压转为正常大气压;非手术侧进行单肺通气,胸腔内负压转为胸腔内正压,从而导致头颈部静脉回流受阻,继而导致颅内静脉压升高。而颅内压升高时,脑血流灌注则会受到影响[9- 10],从而导致rScO2的降低。胸科手术为了防止和减轻肺水肿,术中的液体输注量控制相对也比较严格,因此当静脉回流受阻后,心输出量可能减少,从而可能进一步导致脑氧供的降低,从而导致rScO2降低。
表 1 两组患者的一般情况及术中参数的比较Table 1 Geographic data and intraoperative data between the two groups
1 mmHg=0.133 kPa;L-rScO2:低局部脑氧饱和度组;H-rScO2:高局部脑氧饱和度组;BMI:体质量指数;Ppeak:气道峰压;SBP:收缩压;PetCO2:呼气末二氧化碳;SpO2:脉搏血氧饱和度;Hb:血红蛋白;与H-rScO2组比较,aP=0.028,bP=0.046
L-rScO2:low regional cerebral oxygen saturation group;H-rScO2:high regional cerebral oxygen saturation group;BMI:body mass index;Ppeak:peak airway pressure;SBP:systolic blood pressure;PetCO2:end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure;SpO2:pulse oxygen saturation;Hb:hemoglobin;aP=0.028,bP=0.046 compared with group H-rScO2
表 2 单肺通气期间rScO2降低相关因素的非条件Logistic回归分析结果Table 2 Non-conditional Logistic regression analysis of factors influencing rScO2 during one-lung ventilation
本研究显示H-rScO2组的SBP显著高于L-rScO2组,但非条件Logistic分析显示SBP与rScO2的降低无相关性。脑灌注压是影响脑组织氧供的重要因素,而脑灌注压=平均动脉压-颅内压,因此,平均动脉压也是影响脑组织氧供的重要因素。但脑血管存在自主调节功能,当平均动脉压维持在55~65 mmHg时,脑血管能够通过自主调节维持正常的灌注。本研究当SBP低于90 mmHg时给予升压药物治疗,因此SBP和rScO2下降无相关性,可能与研究中整体血压维持水平较高有关。同理,PetCO2显著降低时会导致脑血管收缩,从而降低脑组织的血供和氧供。但本研究通过调节呼吸参数,使PetCO2维持在正常水平(35~45 mmHg),因此PetCO2与rScO2降低无相关性。血红蛋白水平显著降低时会导致单位容积血的携氧能力下降,从而脑组织的氧供降低,本研究患者的血红蛋白均维持在90 g/L以上,血红蛋白与rScO2降低也无相关性。
综上,在胸科手术单肺通气期间rScO2会出现下降。单肺通气时气道峰压过高是导致rScO2下降的相关因素。对于无合并严重心脑血管疾病的患者,收缩压维持90 mmHg以上,PetCO2维持在35~45 mmHg,血红蛋白维持在90 g/L以上,三者与rScO2降低无相关性。
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FactorsInfluencingRegionalCerebralOxygenSaturationduringOne-lungVentilationinThoracicSurgery
GONG Yahong1,WANG Weijia1,WEI Wei2,HUANG Yuguang1
1Department of Anesthesiology,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China2Department of Anesthesiology,The First Hospital of Beijing Fangshan District,Beijing 102400,China
HUANG Yuguang Tel:010- 69152001,E-mail:garybeijing@163.com
ObjectiveTo identify factors influencing regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) during one-lung ventilation (OLV) in thoracic surgery.MethodsTotally 33 patients with an ASA physical status of 1- 3 scheduled for elective thoracic surgery with one-lung ventilation under general anesthesia were recruited. After anesthesia was induced with propofol,fentanyl/sufentanil,and rocuronium. All patients
balanced anesthesia using sevoflurane. During OLV,volume-controlled ventilation was used with a tidal volume of 6- 7 ml/kg and an inspiration:expiration ratio of 1∶ 1.5. The ventilator frequency was adjusted with a target end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2) between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg. During the anesthesia,patients were maintained at a pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) of>90%,systolic blood pressure (SBP) of>90 mmHg (or reducing no more than 30% of the basic values),heart rate (HR) of>50 beat/min,and hemoglobin concentration of>90 g/L. Changes of rScO2were monitored with FORESIGHT probes by specialized researchers. Patients were classified into low rScO2(L-rScO2) group (n=10) or high rScO2(H-rScO2)group(n=23) according to whether the lowest intraoperative rScO2was under 65% or 15% lower than the baseline values. We compared gender,age,body mass index (BMI),intraoperative hemoglobin level,and the values of peak airway pressure (Ppeak),SBP,PetCO2,and SpO2when rScO2dropped to the lowest level between these two groups.ResultsStatistically higher Ppeak and lower SBP were noted in the L-rScO2group compared with H-rScO2group (P=0.028,P=0.046). SpO2was lower in the L-rScO2group compared with H-rScO2group,but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.421). There was also no significant difference between the two groups according to age,BMI,SpO2,PetCO2,or hemoglobin level. Ppeak appeared to be a risk factor for rScO2reduction during OLV,as shown by unconditioned Logistic regression analysis.ConclusionDuring OLV in thoracic surgery,Ppeak is a risk factor for rScO2reduction.
one-lung ventilation;peak airway pressure;regional cerebral oxygen saturation
ActaAcadMedSin,2017,39(6):774-778
黄宇光 电话:010- 69152001,电子邮件:garybeijing@163.com
R614
A
1000- 503X(2017)06- 0774- 05
10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2017.06.007
2017- 03- 14)