索拉非尼联合局部治疗在晚期肝癌中的研究进展
2017-11-16熊琳徐细明
熊琳++++++徐细明
[摘要] 目前肝癌的发病率及死亡率呈上升趋势。肝癌发病隐匿,早期诊断困难,进展较快。手术治疗仅可用于不足30%的患者,因此延长患者生存期的非手术治疗显得尤为重要。索拉非尼作為晚期肝癌的非手术治疗方式之一,仅可延长总体生存期数月。晚期肝癌患者超过2/3由于肝内肿瘤进展而死于肝衰竭,局部治疗可以控制肝内肿瘤的进展,但易复发。目前国内外开展了大量索拉非尼联合局部治疗的临床试验。本文通过简述联合治疗的理论以及临床试验的结果,总结出较为可行的结论,为临床医生制订治疗方案提供参考。
[关键词] 索拉非尼;经皮肝动脉化疗栓塞术;射频消融;放疗;晚期肝癌
[中图分类号] R73 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)10(c)-0042-04
Research progress of Sorafenib combined with locoregional therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
XIONG Lin XU Ximing
Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
[Abstract] At present, the incidence and mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are on the rise. HCC is characterized by insidious onset, difficult early diagnosis, and rapid progression. Surgical treatment can only be used for less than 30% of patients, therefore non-surgical treatment used for prolonging the survival time of patients with advanced HCC is significant. As one of the non-surgical treatment of advanced HCC, Sorafenib, can only prolong overall survival time for several months. More than two thirds of patients with advanced HCC have died from liver failure due to the progression of intrahepatic tumors; local treatment can control the progress of intrahepatic tumors, but relapse is common. At present, a large number of clinical trials about combination Sorafenib with locoregional therapy have been carried out at home and abroad. This review, by describing the theory of combination therapy and the results of clinical trials, intends to reach a feasible conclusion that can be used as a reference for clinical doctors to make the treatment plan.
[Key words] Sorafenib; Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; Radiofrequency ablation; Radiation therapy; Hepatocellular carcinoma
肝癌是世界第六大常见癌症,也是发生癌症相关死亡的第三大原因,近年来其发病率及死亡率仍呈上升趋势[1]。肝癌高发于东南亚及非洲地区[2],我国肝癌患者人数占全世界55%[3]。手术切除是肝癌的首选治疗方法,但肝癌发病隐匿,恶性程度高,进展速度快,多数患者确诊时已达局部晚期或发生远处转移,此外,患者能否行手术治疗与肝癌的分期、患者的体力状态及肝储备功能等有关,故根治性手术仅用于不足30%的患者[4]。有研究表明,索拉非尼(口服400 mg,每天两次)可延长晚期肝癌的总体生存期(overall survival,OS)及疾病进展时间(time to progress,TTP),且不良反应小[5-6]。肝癌患者使用索拉非尼OS及TTP只相对于对照组延长了数月,而大剂量使用会产生不良反应,从而影响疗效的提高。晚期肝癌患者超过2/3由于肝内肿瘤进展而死于肝衰竭,局部治疗可以控制肝内肿瘤的进展,但治疗后易复发。如将索拉非尼与局部治疗相结合,既可结合系统治疗和局部治疗,又可形成优势互补。目前国内外已开展了大量关于索拉非尼联合局部治疗的临床试验,如与射频消融术(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)、经皮肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)及放射性栓塞等联合治疗。
1 索拉非尼作用于肝癌的分子机制
肝癌的发生与细胞周期调控改变,异常新生血管,逃避凋亡,限制细胞增殖的固有机制缺失有关[7]。一方面,在肝癌中Raf/MEK/ERK信号转导通路呈高表达,而该通路的激活与Raf激酶的活化相关,索拉非尼可通过抑制Raf激酶的活性来抑制该信号转导通路,从而直接抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。另一方面,肝癌是一种富血管肿瘤,血管形成在肝癌的进展中发挥着重要作用,索拉非尼可通过抑制血管内皮生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)而抑制肿瘤新生血管形成[8]。总之,索拉非尼作为一种多靶点信号转导抑制剂,具有抗肿瘤细胞增殖和抗肿瘤血管形成的双重抗肿瘤作用。endprint
2 索拉非尼联合局部治疗
Lee等[9]通过对比单用索拉非尼和索拉非尼联用局部治疗的效果,发现后者OS更高,无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)更长,两组间相关毒性的发生率相似。但此项研究为回顾性研究,且未将局部治疗按亚组分类,关于索拉非尼联合何种局部治疗效果更优,安全性更佳,有待进一步研究。
2.1 索拉非尼联合TACE
TACE是将化疗药物及栓塞剂注入到肿瘤部位的介入操作,起到化疗和栓塞双重作用。目前是不可切除肝癌的标准治疗方法,对晚期肝癌有生存获益[10]。但是,TACE只是一种局部治疗措施,难以栓塞全部的肿瘤血管,加之肿瘤供血的双重性及侧支循环的形成,单纯TACE治疗肝癌完全坏死率低;此外,TACE栓塞而致的缺血缺氧可诱导HIF-1α表达增加,进而增加VEGF表达,刺激肿瘤新生血管形成,从而适应栓塞造成的低氧,导致复发转移[11]。因此单用TACE远期临床疗效不理想,达不到临床治愈。有研究以TACE(多柔比星30~60 mg)联用索拉非尼,结果显示仅8.1%的患者因不良事件(adverse event,AE)停药,mPFS和mTTP分别为384、415 d,3年总体生存率为86.1%,可认为联合治疗安全有效[12]。SPACE临床试验,还有研究以TACE(150 mg多柔比星)联用索拉非尼,以安慰剂对照,结果显示,两组mTTP十分接近,分别为169、166 d,可认为联合治疗并未显示有意义的临床获益[13]。但值得注意的是,此项研究中,亚洲患者与非亚洲患者相比在联合治疗中有更大获益,TTP及OS有明显改善,考虑可能与亚洲患者索拉非尼治疗持续时间长有关。另一项临床试验中,较SPACE的治疗持续时间长,且接受≥3个TACE的患者的比例更高(41.9%与20.2%),结果显示,TTP 16.4个月,PFS 12.9个月,OS 20.1个月,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR )为86.5%,10.3%的AE与TACE相关,59.2%的AE与索拉非尼相关,表明联合治疗疗效提高,但不良反应有增多,但总体上可以耐受[14]。
2.2 索拉非尼联合RFA
局部消融治疗已成为继手术切除及TACE之后的第三大肝癌治疗手段[15],其中,RFA的完全消融率高,具有治疗次数少和远期生存率高的显著优势,是更为广泛使用的消融技术[16]。RFA是电极针经穿刺进入肿瘤体内,通电后激发组织细胞进行等离子振荡,离子相互撞击产生热量,使肿瘤区加热至特定的治疗温度范围,可迅速有效地杀死局部肿瘤细胞,并使肿瘤周围组织凝固形成一个隔离层,使之不能继续向肿瘤供血,达到防止肿瘤转移和原发肿瘤组织的再生长的目的[17]。由于RFA单针单点消融范围有限,多用于小肝癌的局部消融治疗[18],对于中晚期肝癌,局部消融可作为姑息性治疗或联合治疗的选择之一。RFA与TACE联用,TACE通过栓塞血管减弱热沉效应,从而增强RFA的损毁面积,与此同时,RFA产生的高温能增强癌细胞对化疗药物的敏感性。一项Meta分析显示,RFA联合TACE相比单独治疗,OS更高,主要并发症没有差异,但联合治疗后局部复发及转移是一大难题[19]。联合应用索拉非尼可能会对此做出改善,索拉非尼与RFA及TACE的联合治疗暂时缺少临床试验数据支持,目前研究较多的是索拉非尼联合RFA。一项Ⅲ期随机双盲安慰剂对照STORM临床试验结果显示,RFA联合索拉非尼和单用RFA相比,无复发生存期(relapse free survival,RFS)及OS无显著性差异,安全性一致,但是研究也显示出HCV与HBV相关的肝癌患者的疗效更好,需要在未来进一步完善试验设计[20]。另一项随机对照临床试验得出了有临床治疗差异的结果,RFA联合索拉非尼和单用RFA复发率分别为56.7%和87.5%,mTTP分别为17个月和6.1个月,联用不良反应发生率较高,但症状较轻,对症治疗后可以缓解,可认为联用可减少再复发率,延长生存时间,安全性相对较高[21]。一项随机对照试验对比了索拉非尼单药组,结果显示索拉非尼+RFA组OS更长[22]。
2.3 索拉非尼联合体外放射治疗
正常肝细胞对放射线的耐受性较低[23],但常规放疗的照射野中包含很多正常肝组织,患者易出现放疗相关不良反应。三维适形放疗、调强放射治疗、图像引导放射治疗及重离子质子放疗等出现,提高了靶区的适形性且合理化剂量分布,从而提高了疗效,降低了毒副作用,故而允许在一定范围内提高放疗剂量。研究表明放射治疗后癌细胞过表达Raf-1,Raf-1激活MAPK通路而促进增殖[24],且VEGF表达水平上调而促进肿瘤血管生成[25],从而产生放疗抵抗。若将索拉非尼与放疗联合,一方面索拉非尼抑制放疗所诱导的Raf/MAPK通路及VEGF过表达;另一方面索拉非尼诱导DNA损毁,抑制DNA的修复能力,减少放射活化NF-κB,增加放射诱导细胞凋亡[26]。在SMMC-7721细胞系及HepG2细胞系中,均证实联合应用索拉非尼与放射治疗能更好地抑制癌细胞增殖[26-27]。但是,一项放射治疗后序贯索拉非尼治疗的临床研究显示,55%达到了完全或部分缓解,2年生存率和无病进展率分别为32%和39%,15%发展为治疗相关的肝毒性损伤≥3级,其中有3例是致死性的,鉴于该联合治疗安全性不佳,需慎用此治疗方式[28]。另一项临床试验也得出了类似的结论[29]。
2.4 索拉非尼联合放射性栓塞
目前临床应用广泛、疗效确切的内照射方法为肝动脉灌注内照射栓塞。其通过肝动脉注射带有放射性核素的微球,微球受阻于前毛细血管,对肝癌发出高剂量的射线,而核素的组织渗透力低,故正常组织可免受高剂量照射。因此,允许在体外照射中不可能的更高剂量的照射。目前关于放射性栓塞研究较多的是经肝动脉灌注90Y标记的微球体,已被证實可有效延长中晚期肝细胞癌患者的mOS[30]。存在一种设想:索拉非尼创造出一个特定的“时间窗”,这时肿瘤血管出现短暂的正常化,这增加了肿瘤对放疗的敏感性,也促进放射诱导的肿瘤消退[31]。Chow等[32]的Ⅱ期多中心试验,以经肝动脉灌注90Y标记的微球体(最大剂量 3 GBq)联合索拉非尼,显示出12%完全缓解,21%部分缓解,47%病情稳定,21%疾病进展,未发现明显不良反应。而后,Lorenzin等[33]报道1例已有淋巴结转移及门静脉癌栓的晚期肝癌患者,经过90Y放射性栓塞后5个月索拉非尼治疗,达到生物学及影像学上的完全缓解,在12个月的随访中,没有复发证据。一项多中心随机安慰剂对照临床试验SORAMIC显示,肝动脉灌注90Y(中位剂量1.87 GBq)联合索拉非尼与单纯肝动脉灌注90Y对比,AE发生相似,证实了该联合治疗安全性较好[34]。endprint
3 小結
肝癌的发生率及死亡率呈上升趋势。手术治疗仍是主要的根治性治疗方式,但多数肝癌患者初诊时已失方式去了手术机会。索拉非尼作为延长生存期的姑息治疗之一,临床获益有限。多数患者晚期由于肝内肿瘤进展而死于肝衰竭,局部治疗可以控制肝内肿瘤的进展,但治疗后易复发。将索拉非尼与某些局部治疗联合,在理论上是利用了索拉非尼可抑制VEGF,以拮抗因局部治疗诱导的新生血管增生,通过抑制Raf/MAPK信号通路以抑制肿瘤增生,从而增加局部治疗效果,以及局部治疗联合全身治疗以降低复发率等理论,以此形成优势互补。相关临床试验表明,索拉非尼与TACE联用安全性较高,疗效可能与联合治疗的持续时间有关,需要进一步完善试验设计。索拉非尼与RFA联用可减少再复发率,延长生存时间,安全性相对较高。索拉非尼与外部放射治疗联用缓解率及生存率有提高,但存在极大的肝毒性,应慎用。索拉非尼与放射性栓塞联用安全性较好,在治疗方面,缓解率极高,甚至可达完全缓解,后期试验需要进一步扩大试验范围,增加入组人数。以上结论部分属于Ⅱ期临床试验,所得结论可能存在偏差,仍需进一步试验以完善结论。后期试验可重点关注索拉非尼用药剂量的调整、联合治疗最佳时机的探索、根据入组患者是否罹患肝炎行亚组分析及治疗持续时间的优化等方面。
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(收稿日期:2017-07-18 本文編辑:李岳泽)endprint