经胸超声心动图引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵术35例临床分析
2017-11-15李春平韩涛
李春平 韩涛
【摘要】 目的:探讨经胸超声心动图引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵术在临床的应用价值。方法:入选从2014年9月-2016年4月在笔者所在医院收治的单纯房间隔缺损患者35例,在经胸超声心动图全程引导下,在局麻下经股静脉穿刺行房间隔缺损封堵术,实时评估封堵效果。术后3 d及术后3、6、12个月复查心脏彩超。结果:35例均封堵成功,均未出现瓣膜损伤、封堵器脱落、心包积液等并发症,2例在3 d后复查出现少量残余分流,约1 mm,3个月后复查无残余分流,其余患者均无残余分流。结论:经胸超声引导下经皮房缺封堵术,操作简单、手术时间短、创伤小、安全、恢复快,在临床有广泛应用价值及前景。
【关键词】 房间隔缺损; 超声心动图; 经皮封堵
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2017.26.010 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1674-6805(2017)26-0020-02
Clinical Analysis of Percutaneous Closure Atrial Septal Defects Guided by Thoracic Echocardiography for 35 Cases/LI Chun-ping,HAN Tao.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2017,15(26):20-21
【Abstract】 Objective:To explore the 7clinical application prospect of percutaneous closure atrial septal defects guided by thoracic echocardiography.Method:From September 2014 to April 2016,35 inpatients who were pure atrial septal defects were selected,under local anesthesia via femoral vein puncture closure atrial septal defects guided by thoracic echocardiography,real-time evaluatie plugging result.The patients underwent follow-up echocardiography at 3 days,3 months,6 months,12 months after surgery.Result:Occluder were successfully implanted in 35 patients,there were no serious complications such as valvular injury,pericardial effusion,occluder off,two patients had a little residual shunt in 3 days after surgery,residual shunt disapper after 3 months underwent follow-up echocardiography,the rest of the patients didnt appear residual shunt.Conclusion:Percutaneous closure atrial septal defects guided by thoracic echocardiography has superiority such as simplicity of operator,shorter operator time,less-injury,safety,fast recovery,the surgery has a broad clinic prospects.
【Key words】 Atrial septal defect; Thoracic echocardiography; Percutaneous closure
First-authors address:Fujian Province Hospital,Fuzhou 350001,China
房間隔缺损(ASD)(继发孔型)即房间隔发育不良造成左右心房之间异常交通的一种先天性心脏畸形。继发孔型ASD是最为简单的一种心内畸形,在所有先天性心脏病中其发病率为10%~20%。女性多于男性,比例为2∶1[1]。目前主要治疗方法有体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下行ASD修补术[2]、内科X线下经皮导管介入ASD封堵术[3]、外科食管超声(transeophageal echocardiography,TEE)引导下经胸微创ASD封堵术。近年来超声引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵术被临床医生广泛应用。超声心动图在经皮导管ASD封堵器堵闭术的所有步骤中都扮演着不可或缺的角色[4]。通过本文研究,探讨该手术方式临床应用前景。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
入选从2014年9月-2016年4月在笔者所在医院收治的单纯房间隔缺损患者35例,在经胸超声引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵,男12例,女23例,年龄22~66岁,中位年龄48.3岁,体重(56.4±7.8)kg,房间隔缺损(ASD)大小(18.83±6.56)mm。
入选标准:直径≥5 mm且右心容量负荷增加的中央型ASD;缺损边缘至上、下腔静脉、冠状静脉窦及肺静脉的距离≥5 mm,至房室瓣≥7 mm;房间隔的直径大于所选封堵伞左房侧的直径。均未合并其他心内畸形。排除标准:原发孔型ASD及静脉窦型ASD,心内膜炎,严重肺动脉高压导致右向左分流等。术前常规心脏检查,测量房缺大小、位置、数量、与周围结果关系。endprint
1.2 手术方法
患者取平卧位,碘伏消毒腹股沟区,铺巾,右侧股静脉穿刺成功后,置入5F鞘,全身肝素化(1 mg/kg),送入泥鳅导丝,全程在经胸超声引导下,导丝顺利通过下腔静脉、右房、房间隔,到达左房,导入5F导管至左房,交换超硬导丝送至左房内,选择合适大小(房缺最大径+4 mm)的房间隔缺损封堵器(微创科威),沿超硬导丝顺利送入左房内,在超声引导下,释放封堵器左房面,回撤输送鞘,感阻力后释放封堵器右房面,前后推送封堵器,使之与房间隔贴合,超声证实封堵器位置良好,无明显残余分流,二尖瓣、主动脉、三尖瓣、冠状静脉窦等无受影响,释放封堵器,撤除输送系统,穿刺点压迫止血。术后口服拜阿司匹林,成人100 mg/d,服用6个月。
1.3 随访
术后3 d及术后3、6、12个月复查心脏彩超。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学处理。计数资料用率表示,计量资料用(x±s)表示。
2 结果
35例(100%)均封堵成功,术后3 d复查无封堵器脱落情况,2例(5.6%)出现少量残余分流(约1 mm),3个月后复查无明显分流,其余患者术后3、6、12个月分别复查心脏超声,房间隔封堵器位置良好,无残余分流、房室瓣反流、感染性心内膜炎、心包积液、心律失常等术后并发症出现。35例患者平均手术时间为(35.0±6.7)min,平均住院天数为(4.6±0.6)d。
3 讨论
目前房间隔缺损手术方式多,经典的手法方式是体外循环下房间隔缺损修补术,由于该手术方式时间长,开胸创伤大,出血多,术后恢复慢,术后并发症较多,尚不能满足微创医学的需求。自King等于1976年介绍X线下采用封堵器闭合ASD的方法并成功应用于临床以来,由于无手术切口和无体外循环损伤等优点,经皮介入封堵术已成为继发孔ASD的重要治疗方式[5-9],经典X线下经皮ASD封堵术是创伤小且美观的ASD的治疗方法[10-11],但存在X线放射性损伤[12],尤其是儿童患者,手术者有穿铅衣防护。近年来开展起来的经食道超声引导下(TEE)房间隔缺损封堵术,该手术方式超声图像更清晰(相对于经胸超声心动图),但其需要全身麻醉,食道超声有可能损伤食管,造成食道出血、狭窄等并发症。
经胸超声心动图无需全身麻醉,无需食管插管,局麻下手术,完全无创。对于大部分患者,经胸超声心动图能够全程实时监测封堵器在心房内释放的全过程,观察封堵器位置是否合适、释放是否充分、是否有残余分流、房室瓣是否受影响等所有信息。如患者肺气肿、桶状胸等问题,经胸超声心动图声像较经食道超声差,对心内结构、缺损大小、房缺边缘大小数据采集较差,故此时需改为经食道超声引导下或者X线透视下行房间隔缺损封堵术。本组病例尚无改为经食道超声封堵。在本组病例中,术后患者恢复快,并发症少,平均住院日较开胸手术患者明显短,患者更愿意接受此种手术方式,相对于X线引导和经食管超声引导房缺封堵术,经胸超声心动图引导下经皮房缺封堵术适应证范围小。适应证包括:直径≥5 mm且右心容量负荷增加的中央型ASD;缺损边缘至上、下腔静脉、冠状静脉窦及肺静脉的距离≥5 mm,至房室瓣≥7 mm;房间隔的直径大于所选封堵伞左房侧的直径。手术的成功还有技术熟练的超声科医生有密切关系,外科医师需与超声科医师密切配合。
经胸超声心动圖引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵术具有创伤小、恢复快、安全等优点,便于推广,可行性强,是目前创伤最小的ASD治疗手段,对于特定适应证的ASD患者是非常理想的选择。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-11)endprint