合并桥本甲状腺炎对甲状腺乳头状癌预后的影响
2017-11-13范岭慕腾石国豪
范岭 慕腾 石国豪
【摘要】 目的:明確HT与PTC在临床上的关联,并在此基础上进一步探讨合并HT对PTC预后的影响。方法:收集2000-2015年在丰台医院行甲状腺手术,病理确诊PTC且具有术前血清标本的病例共269例。比较所有研究对象包括性别、年龄、病程、手术方式、肿瘤大小、浸润范围及淋巴结侵袭等在内的临床、组织病理学特点。通过电化学发光法检测患者的血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)及甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)的水平。结果:269例PTC患者中有单纯PTC患者211例,HT合并PTC患者58例(21.6%)。HT合并PTC患者住院时间为(5.2±2.5)d,明显短于单纯PTC患者的(7.4±5.4)d,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。HT合并PTC组患者中接受中央淋巴结清扫者13例(22.4%),单纯PTC组患者中接受中央淋巴结清扫者23例(10.9%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.029)。血清学方面,HT合并PTC组患者的术前血清TgAb、TPOAb浓度的中位数及TSH水平的均值均显著高于单纯PTC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。此外,HT合并PTC组患者的肿瘤平均直径为(1.3±0.7)cm,显著小于单纯PTC组患者的(2.3±1.0)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。HT合并PTC组患者甲状腺外浸润的比例也显著低于单纯PTC组患者,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。结论:PTC患者合并HT发生率较高,HT基础上发生的PTC预后可能更好。
【关键词】 桥本甲状腺炎; 甲状腺乳头状癌; 预后
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2017.18.003 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1674-6805(2017)18-0006-03
The Effect of Concurrent Hashimotos Thyroiditis on the Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer/FAN Ling,MU Teng,SHI Guo-hao.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2017,15(18):6-8
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the relationship between HT and PTC and to explore the effect of concurrent Hashimotos thyroiditis on the prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer.Method:269 patients with thyroid surgery and histologically confirmed PTC in Fengtai Hospital from 2000-2015 were analyzed according to the presence or absence of HT.Patients clinical and histopathological characteristics including gender,age,duration,surgical procedure,tumor size,infiltration range and lymph node attack were collected.Serum levels of TSH,TgAb and TPOAb were tested by electrochemiluminescence.Result:Of the 269 patients with PTC,21.6%(58/269) had HT. The duration of hospital stay was significantly shorter in PTC patients with HT than PTC alone patients[(5.2±2.5)d vs (7.4±5.4)d,P=0.001].In terms of the neck dissection,central neck dissection(CND) without lateral neck dissection was more frequently performed in patients with PTC and HT than in patients with PTC alone (22.4% vs 10.9%),the difference was statistically significant(P=0.029).Serologically,the levels of TgAb,TPOAb and TSH were significantly higher in the HT with PTC group than those in the PTC alone group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.001).In addition,the average tumor diameter of 58 HT with PTC patients was (1.3±0.7)cm,whereas of 211 PTC alone patients,the diameter was (2.3±1.0)cm,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001).The proportion of perithyroidal extension in the HT with PTC group was lower than that observed for the PTC alone group,the difference was statistically significant(P=0.002).Conclusion:The incidence rate of PTC patients combined with HT is high.The prognosis of PTC on the basis of HT may be much better.endprint
【Key words】 Hashimotos thyroiditis; Papillary thyroid cancer; Prognosis
First-authors address:Fengtai Hospital of Beijing,Beijing 100071,China
桥本甲状腺炎(Hashimoto s thyroiditis,HT)是常见的器官特异性自身免疫性疾病,发病率约为0.3%~1.5%,女性发病率是男性的5~10倍[1-2]。甲状腺球蛋白抗体(thyroglobulin antibody,TgAb)和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPOAb)是其标志性抗体[1-3]。甲状腺癌是较常见的恶性肿瘤,其中甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)最为常见。近年来HT合并PTC的发病率呈上升趋势,越来越受到临床医师的关注,本研究拟明确HT与PTC的临床关联,并在此基础上进一步探讨HT对PTC预后的影响。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2000-2015年在丰台医院行甲状腺手术,病理确诊PTC的具有术前血清标本的病例共269例。患者的肿瘤类型由两名病理医师独立阅片确认均为典型的PTC。患者的基本临床资料,包括年龄、性别、病程及手术方式,均来自于患者住院期间的病历记录。269例患者中男48例,女221例,年龄22~74岁,平均47.1岁。根据肿瘤体积的大小、淋巴结转移及远处转移情况,所有PTC患者均按照TNM分期重新确定了病理分期[4]。此外本研究还根据年龄、有无远处转移、有无包膜外侵犯及肿瘤大小(age,metastases,extent and size,AMES)来评估PTC患者复发风险,将PTC患者分为高危组及低危組[5]。
1.2 研究方法
比较所有研究对象,包括性别、年龄、病程、手术方式、肿瘤大小、浸润范围及淋巴结侵袭等在内的临床、组织病理学特点。应用电化学发光分析仪测定患者血清促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)水平、TgAb及TPOAb水平。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS 22.0统计软件处理数据;符合正态分布的计量资料用(x±s)表示,非正态分布的计量资料用中位数和四分位间距表示,计数资料以率(%)表示,统计学方法包括Mann-Whitney U检验及字2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 PTC患者合并HT的发病率
269例PTC患者中有单纯PTC患者211例,HT合并PTC患者58例(21.6%)。所有合并HT的患者组织学上均有弥漫的淋巴细胞浸润,生发中心形成,甲状腺细胞的破坏及不同程度的间质纤维化的表现。
2.2 HT合并PTC与单纯PTC患者的临床及血清学特点比较
HT合并PTC组患者接受手术的年龄为(42.2±12.0)岁,单纯PTC组为(40.5±14.4)岁,差异无统计学意义(P=0.521)。HT合并PTC组男女比例为10/48,单纯PTC组为38/173,差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。但HT合并PTC患者住院时间为(5.2±2.5)d,明显短于单纯PTC患者的(7.4±5.4)d,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。
HT合并PTC组患者中接受甲状腺全切者有44例(75.8%),接受颈部淋巴结清扫者29例(50.0%),接受中央淋巴结清扫者13例(22.4%),单纯PTC组患者中接受甲状腺全切者有170例(80.5%),接受颈部淋巴结清扫者111例(52.6%),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.463、0.768),单纯PTC组接受中央淋巴结清扫者23例(10.9%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.029)。HT合并PTC组术后出现永久性喉返神经麻痹者4例(6.9%),单纯PTC组为16例(7.6%),差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。出现永久性低钙血症的患者共有21例,5例(8.6%)在HT合并PTC组,16例(7.6%)在单纯PTC组,差异无统计学意义(P=0.785)。
在HT合并PTC组与单纯PTC组中,术前血清TgAb浓度的中位数及四分位数分别为642.75(20,1000)IU/ml和29.40(6.2,1000)IU/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);TPOAb浓度的中位数及四分位数分别为696.70(10,1000)IU/ml和3.74(0.2,847.2)IU/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);TSH水平分别为(4.22±1.03)mIU/ml和(2.03±0.45)mIU/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。
2.3 HT合并PTC与单纯PTC患者的组织病理学参数比较
HT合并PTC组患者的肿瘤平均直径为(1.3±0.7)cm,显著小于单纯PTC组患者的(2.3±1.0)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。HT合并PTC组患者甲状腺外浸润的比例为43.1%(25例),显著低于单纯PTC组患者的66.3%(140例),差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。但在淋巴结转移率[41.4%(24例)vs 33.2%(70例)]、肿瘤多灶性[34.5%(20例)vs 41.7%(88例)]及TNM分期[Ⅰ期:87.9%(51例)vs 71.1%(150例)]方面两组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.277、0.366、0.092)。本研究还通过AMES临床分级系统来预估肿瘤的预后,269例PTC患者中有76例高危患者,其中14例在HT合并PTC组,62例在单纯PTC组,差异无统计学意义(P=0.743)。endprint
3 讨论
本研究中HT合并PTC的发生率为21.6%,提示HT可能与PTC关系密切。文献[6]报道的HT合并PTC的发生率差异较大,约为0.5%~30%,其主要原因可能是存在对HT合并微小癌、隐匿癌的漏诊,或者是将癌灶周围淋巴反应诊断为HT,进而误诊为二者合并发生。
目前认为HT与甲状腺癌相关性机制可能与辐射、高碘、免疫紊乱、TSH升高、分子生物学等多种因素相关[7-11],具体仍需进一步探讨。
HT虽然可能是PTC的危险因素,但合并HT的PTC患者的预后较单纯PTC患者更好。Kashima等[12]报道合并慢性甲状腺炎的PTC患者的肿瘤特异性死亡率约为0.7%,10年无复发生存率约为95%,而未合并慢性甲状腺炎的PTC患者肿瘤特异性死亡率约为5%,10年无复发生存率约为85%。Ahn等[13]对269例合并HT的PTC患者进行回顾性分析,研究发现合并HT的PTC患者年龄较小,以女性为主,肿瘤体积较小,淋巴转移率较低,肿瘤恶性程度较低。本研究中两组患者在年龄、性别比例上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但HT合并PTC患者住院时间明显短于单纯PTC患者组,这可能与两组患者接受的手术方式的不同有关。本研究中单纯PTC组患者接受中央淋巴结清扫者的比例要明显高于HT合并PTC组患者,尽管两组患者在接受甲状腺全切手术及颈部淋巴结清扫者的比例上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
进一步分析HT对PTC预后的影响,同单纯PTC组相比,研究发现合并HT的PTC患者肿瘤直径更小,甲状腺外浸润率更低,提示其预后可能比单纯PTC患者更好,但目前HT影响PTC预后的具体原因尚不清楚。
HT是常见的自身免疫性疾病,TgAb和TPOAb是其标志性抗体。在体外实验中,Rebuffat等[14]发现TPOAb通过抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒性作用可以破坏甲状腺癌细胞,阻止甲状腺癌细胞转移和复发。本研究中,HT合并PTC组患者的TPOAb水平远高于单纯PTC组。研究者还发现HT患者甲状腺滤泡细胞中,Fas和Fas配体能够激活细胞凋亡途径,参与破坏肿瘤细胞[15-16]。此外HT合并PTC较单纯PTC存在更多的体液免疫反应和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞介导的免疫反应,免疫反应产生的IL-1可抑制肿瘤细胞的生长[17]。此外,文献[18]报道BRAFV600E阳性是甲状腺癌的危险因素之一,研究者发现87.1%的PTC患者存在BRAFV600E,且其与淋巴结转移密切相关[P<0.02,OR=6.24,95%置信区间(1.51,25.79)]。而Kwak等[19]发现合并HT的PTC患者BRAFV600E阳性率较低,这可能也是合并HT的PTC患者预后更佳的原因之一。
PTC患者合并HT发生率较高,更进一步发现HT基础上发生的PTC预后可能更好,而HT患者血清中升高的TPOAb水平及BRAFV600E阳性率下降可能能够解释这种现象。因笔者所在医院仅在HT患者怀疑合并甲状腺恶性肿瘤时行甲状腺手术治疗,因此在探讨HT和PTC的关系上存在選择偏移。由于手术病理标本有限,在本研究中未对IL-1、BRAFV600E、T淋巴细胞等与HT及PTC关系密切的因素进行研究。本研究仅为观察性研究,今后仍需更多工作对HT影响PTC预后的机制进行更为深入的探讨。
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(收稿日期:2017-02-09)endprint