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任务型教学模式在英语写作教学中的运用

2017-11-03杨静

课堂内外·教师版 2017年8期
关键词:卡西欧体裁教学法

杨静

【摘 要】 语言是人类最重要的思维和交流工具,也是人们参与社会活动的重要条件,当今社会生活和经济活动日益全球化,各行各业时常要以文字形式和世界各国进行交流。无论是科学、技术、政治、经济、文字艺术,都不免要使用英语写介绍文章、学术论文、报告、说明文、各种信件等。英语写作具有了很大的实用价值,这一点已被广泛认识。本文通过分析几种写作教学模式,对比出过程教学模式和体裁教学教学模式的优势,并用教学实例进行分析探究。

【关 键 词】 卡西欧辅助;写作过程;教学模式;体裁教学模式

随着社会语言学、心理语言学等学科的发展,人们对写作活动也有了更深层次的认识。一些学者指出,写作活动不仅牵涉到语言技能和篇章控制能力,还要牵涉到作者对文章要谈论的话题的了解、对读者对象的了解以至整个交流所处的文化规范的了解等,因此写作是一个牵涉到语言学、心理学、社会学等多方面的复杂过程。这一发展在教学领域引发了写作教学是该重视结果还是重视过程的争论,理论界把这称为product与process之争。

一、两种更新的教学模式

过程教学法的课堂上,学生不是机械地模仿例文的语言或者结构,而是学会把写作过程看成一个解决问题的过程,一个与其他社会成员交往的过程。此时教学重点通常是如何确定写作目的,如何根据写作目的选择并安排内容,如何根据文章主题以及作者与读者关系调整语言等等。教师在评价学生的文章时,也主要考虑学生在一定社会环境中完成任务的成功程度。教师通过多样化的教学活动,侧重在语篇水平上指导写作,包括构思、写提纲、写初稿和修改等各个写作环节。教师的指导贯穿于整个写作过程直至最后成文。

体裁教学法对写作的看法同成果教学法相似,认为写作与语言知识密切相關,只不过它认为写作随着社会语境的变化而变化,并由此产生了诸如推销信、科研论文、报告等与不同语境相适应的语篇体裁。就写作过程而言,体裁教学法和结果教学法也有许多相同之处。 体裁教学法认为写作的成功取决于语言知识和社会目的的密切结合,而写作过程主要由教师提供范文,然后进行分析和模仿。

二、课堂设计

九级目标要求学生能比较详细和生动地用英语描述情景、态度或感情;在阐述自己的观点和评述他人观点时,能做到文体恰当,用词准确。这能够反映出我们课改是向着过程教学法和体裁教学法的方向在发展。

将过程教学法和体裁教学法进行有机结合,课本设计以学生为中心,同时借助卡西欧电子词典,帮助学生了解自己的写作过程,懂得根据写作目、写作对象、写作体裁的不同去选择并安排内容、组织语言。而在写作全过程的每一个环节上都强调加强教师的指导和学生互相指导,及时发现问题,解决问题,并在评价学生的文章时,考虑学生在一定社会环境中完成任务的成功程度。

设计:《展望未来》第三册 Unit 3 Sending Postcards

Period One

1. Comparing Cultures:This page shows how British people write postcards. Think about postcards that you write or receive.

1. Do you send picture postcards?If so,how often do you write them and who do you send them to?

2. Why do people send picture postcards?What is their general purpose?

3. What kind of information do people in your country usually include on a holiday postcard?Compare them with the postcards above.

(注:在说的任务中,联系学生生活实际,用具有相同的图示经验唤起学生对明信片写作的基本认知知识,为后继写作打下基础)

2. Read the postcards and answer these questions. Give reasons for your answers.

1)Which of the writers do you think is on holiday abroad?

2)What is the relationship between:

a)Jenny and Sarah?

b)Ken and Julie?

3)Can you find any differences between these two postcards?(sentences and words)

4)Which of the endings below are possible alternatives for:

a)both postcards?

b)Neither postcards?

c)Sarahs postcard only?

d)Julies postcard only?

(注:在阅读中思考这一写作体裁,让学生自己领悟和区分不同的写作对象和写作目的在语言运用和交际手法上的不同。)

3. Look at the postcards again.

1)Holiday postcards are often very similar. Which of these features do the writers of both postcards include?endprint

a)Descriptions of general feelings about the holiday

b)Comments about the weather

c)feelings about the person they are writing to

d)descriptions of where they are staying

e)what they plan to do

f)recommendations

g)what they did yesterday

h)closing words

2)What do you think XXXX means at the bottom of postcard B?

3)What features of the style of Postcard A are acceptable in postcards but not in formal letters?Change postcard B so that the style is the same.

(注:在閱读中,具体到语言运用,在明信片这一写作体裁中,体会到语言的特殊性、结构性)

4. Look again at Postcard A

1)Which adjectives does Sarah use to complete these sentences?

Having a(n)... time.

Staying on a campsite near a(n)... beach.

2)Which of these adjectives could you put in the gaps above?

Amazing,dreadful,small,awful,beautiful,stony...

3)Which adjectives express positive feelings?Can you think of other words that could fit the sentences?

学生可以查到电子字典里这些单词的意思,并且选择和学习更多的替换单词,例如amazing的同义词有astounding,incredible

(注:在阅读中,通过激活对已有词汇的记忆,习得在特有的规范明信片用语中,特有的词语,句型)

5. Look at these sentences describing experiences:

A. It was terrifying.

B. The foods disgusting.

1)How did the person feel in each case?

2)Which of these adjectives refer to experiences?Which refer to peoples feelings?

Bored / interested / disappointed / exciting / amazed / appalling / Frightening / relaxed / surprised / depressed

学生可以通过电子词典查到这些单词的共性,从而理解ed形式和ing形式的区别,如bored,boring

3)Complete these sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets.

a)We are the only guests in the hotel. Its very...(depress)

b)Im going skiing tomorrow. Im really...(excite)

c)Meals are cheap. Were quite...(surprise)

d)There was a small earthquake yesterday. It was...(frighten)

e)We visited some... places yesterday.(interest)

学生通过练习巩固了所学外,同时要求他们查卡西欧的同义词典,用更正式的词语替换掉这些常用词,并体会用词的选择决定了文章的正式感。

6. work with a partner. Choose one of the postcards on these pages and imagine that you are on holiday there.

1)How do you feel about this place?Are you having a good time?

Make a list of words and phrases that you can use to describe the place and your feelings about it.

2)Think of an English-speaking person that you would like to write to. How well do you know him/her?What is an appropriate way to end your postcard?endprint

3)Decide what you did yesterday. Where did you go?How did you get there?What was it like?How did you feel?

4)Imagine something you plan to do tomorrow.

7. Write your postcard together. Follow this sequence:

1)Dear...

2)your general feelings about the holiday.

3)the place where you are staying

4)the weather

5)what you did yesterday

6)what you plan to do tomorrow

7)ending

(注:运用过程教学法引导学生运用所学,如写作对象、写作任务、写作目的要求,以及词汇、结构等知识,以交际性的原则为立足点,完成对明信片这一写作体裁的写作教学。)

Period Two:

Extended skill development

1. Present students with a wedding proposing picture and have them discuss the scene.

(Who,when,what,how,why,their feelings,your feeling…)

2. Divide the whole class into four groups and have each group be in charge of one writing task concerning the event happened in the picture.

(本部分學生需要根据与对象的不同关系,合理挑选语言和内容体裁)

3. Switch writing works between groups and work in groups to give modifications or comments with CASIO.

学生通过卡西欧字典 三维词汇学习手册,查到更多更全的表达,自己选择在不同写作任务中需要运用的词语。

4. Show students the best works.

学生在卡西欧的辅助下针对不同的写作对象和写作目的,合理的挑选语言进行表述。本阶段学生完成应对不同写作体裁,掌握写作语言、结构、内容上的写作特点, 进一步巩固教学成果,反馈了教学目标的达成。

三、讨论

新课改形势下的高中英语写作教学应以意义为中心,将形式与意义有机地结合起来,既重视语言的结构形式,又为学生提供交际的机会,提高学生运用语言的能力。依照过程教学法和体裁教学法,学生的作文通常是一个学习过程的结果,而在这个结果之前,用一系列相应的听说读的任务作为先驱引导,既注重了学习的有趣性又达到了重点突出、富有交际性和有效性;同时突出个性,要求每个学生在写作任务的框架内表达自己的观点和态度;并且强调能力,例如培养学生自己收集、整理、加工材料,小组讨论和修改,集体评价。

英语写作教学在中学英语高年级阶段是巩固英语知识,综合学生各方面语言知识能力的一个重要环节,既重过程又重体裁的任务型写作教学模式是应新课改的时代要求,全方位调动学生学习积极性的一种有意义的学习模式,这已经在我校多年英语教学工作中得到了肯定,并将在今后的英语教学工作中得到进一步的锤炼。

【参考文献】

[1] Swales. Genre Analysis[J]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.

[2] 方琰. 浅谈语类[J]. 外国语杂志,1998(1).

[3] 韩金龙,秦秀白. 体裁分析与体裁教学法[J]. 外语界,2000(1).

[4] 钟启泉,左焕琪. 外语教育展望[M]. 上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.endprint

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