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中草药治疗哮喘的免疫调节作用最新研究进展

2017-10-28周方方徐朝霞阿地拉艾皮热李金耀

中国中药杂志 2017年19期
关键词:信号通路免疫调节中草药

周方方+徐朝霞+阿地拉艾皮热+李金耀

[摘要] 哮喘是由多种免疫细胞参与的慢性呼吸道炎症疾病,常常导致气促、胸闷、咳嗽以及反复发作的喘息等症状,往往出现气流阻塞,影响人体健康。中草药(CHM)用于治疗哮喘已经有上千年的历史,大量研究表明中草药能有效的调节细胞免疫反应减缓哮喘症状。该文综述了近几年来中草药对免疫细胞的调节作用及相关分子机制的研究,包括炎症细胞数量、树突状细胞成熟、辅助性T细胞亚型之间的平衡、调节性T细胞的诱导及胞内信号通路,并展望了未来的研究方向。

[关键词] 哮喘; 中草药; 炎症; 免疫调节; 信号通路

[Abstract] Asthma is a kind of chronic respiratory inflammation, commonly with breathlessness, chest tightness, coughing, recurrent episodes of wheezing and airflow obstruction, severely affecting human health. A variety of immunocytes are involved in this chronic disease. Chinese herbal medicine(CHM) has a long history in the treatment of asthma. A large number of studies have shown that CHM could ameliorate asthma symptoms through regulating cellular immune responses. This paper reviewed the studies of CHM on the regulation of immunocytes and their mechanisms in recent years, including the count of inflammatory cells, maturation of dendritic cells, balance of helper T cell subtypes, induction of regulatory T cells and intracellular signaling pathways. We also proposed the future research directions about the effects of CHM on asthma treatment.

[Key words] asthma; Chinese herbal medicine; inflammation; immunomodulation; signaling pathway

哮喘是一種反复发作的气道炎症疾病,它由多种免疫细胞共同诱发,常常导致气促、胸闷、咳嗽、反复发作的喘息、黏液过量分泌和杯状细胞增生等症状,并伴随气流阻塞,直接影响人体健康[1-2]。近十几年来,由各种因素诱发的哮喘患者逐年增多,其中儿童的患病率增加最为显著[3-4]。用于治疗哮喘的药物种类较多,包含支气管扩张药物(如β2受体激动剂、氨茶碱等),抗过敏性炎症药物(如糖皮质激素类药物,色甘酸钠等)以及免疫调节剂等[5],但是大多数治疗哮喘药物(如糖皮质激素和β2受体激动剂)具有严重的副作用,过量使用可能出现心动过速、肌肉震颤、骨代谢及肾上腺功能被抑制等症状。因此,从中草药中筛选高效、无毒副作用治疗哮喘的药物成为了研究的热点。

中草药(Chinese herbal medicine,CHM)在中国已经有几千年的应用历史,用于预防和治疗哮喘、关节炎、糖尿病、肿瘤等多种疾病[6-8]。CHM在亚洲其他国家如日本、韩国、印度等已得到广泛应用,在欧美等发达国家也越来越受到重视,尤其是对慢性疾病的治疗,逐渐成为发达国家不可或缺的生物医学的重要补充[9-10]。临床试验研究表明CHM能有效的治疗哮喘,并且没有副作用[11-12]。据报道,世界范围内已有超过400种药用植物及其有效成分用于治疗哮喘或过敏性综合症[13]。本文综述了近几年CHM治疗哮喘的研究进展及其作用的机制。

1 中草药减少炎症细胞的数量

免疫细胞介导机体的免疫防御,增强抗病毒和抗病原菌感染的能力。但是哮喘等慢性炎症疾病也会导致不同种类免疫细胞数量增多或迁移到特定组织、器官,加重病情。大量研究证实CHM具有调节免疫细胞的能力[14]。如传统中药配伍麻黄-石膏能降低卵清白蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)诱导的哮喘模型中嗜酸性细胞和白细胞总数,减轻炎症反应,使哮喘症状得以缓解[15]。研究表明神香草[16]、甘草[17]、神仙草和鸢尾[18]等均能通过减少OVA诱导的哮喘小鼠模型炎症细胞在气道内的浸润,减轻炎症症状。不仅仅CHM的提取物具有调节白细胞数量的功能,而且从CHM分离的功效成分也具有相同的作用。例如从淫羊藿中分离出的功效成分类黄酮苷淫羊藿苷就能明显降低OVA诱导哮喘小鼠白细胞的数量[19]。同样来自中草药溪黄草的功效成分冬凌草素甲不仅能够减少OVA诱导的哮喘小鼠支气管中的白细胞数量,还通过调控辅助性T细胞1(helper T cell 1,Th1)/ Th2的免疫平衡,缓解哮喘症状[20]

2 中草药调控Th1/Th2的免疫平衡

哮喘为Th2型反应为主的慢性气道性疾病[21-22]。研究表明中成药能够通过调控Th1/Th2的免疫平衡达到减轻哮喘病症的治疗效果[23-24]。传统中草药膜荚黄芪在OVA诱导的哮喘小鼠模型中通过调节Th1/Th2平衡,减轻哮喘症状[25]。阴地蕨也可通过上调Th1/Th2的比例,降低外周血白细胞cysLTl受体基因mRNA的表达,发挥抗哮喘作用[26]。补肾中药CKZ 可以通过转录因子和细胞因子多个环节,增强Th1细胞的功能,同时抑制Th2细胞的功能,对Th1/Th2平衡具有多层次的调节作用,有效缓解哮喘的发生[27]。平喘方(炙麻黄、杏仁、甘草、紫苏子、莱菔子、地龙干、桃仁、椒目、黄芩组成)治疗的哮喘模型小鼠Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ水平升高、Th2型细胞因子IL-4水平降低,改善气道炎症,抑制气道重建[28]。Jayaprakasam等研究发现灵芝、苦参、甘草3种中草药协同抑制嗜酸性细胞趋化因子及Th2型细胞因子的产生,从而抑制哮喘病症,并且三者的协同抑制效果明显好于各自单独的使用[29]。以上研究表明,不仅单方中草药可以调节Th1/Th2免疫平衡,而且复方中草药也可以协同调控炎症反应重建免疫平衡,从而达到更好治疗哮喘的效果。endprint

中草药可通过调控Th1,Th2型转录因子重建Th1/Th2免疫平衡。中药何首乌通过下调转录因子GATA-3 mRNA的表达,实现对Th2型免疫反应的抑制,同时降低Th2型免疫系统介质,抑制嗜酸性细胞浸润,减弱炎症反应及缓解哮喘症状 [30]。从补骨脂的甲基补骨脂黄酮衍生出来的成分B能够促进T-bet mRNA的表达,抑制GATA-3 mRNA的表达,平衡Th1/Th2反应,展现了潜在的抗哮喘作用[31]。中草药通过在不同水平上调控Th1,Th2型反应,从而实现Th1/Th2免疫平衡重建。

3 中草药通过调控调节性T细胞重建免疫平衡

调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)是一类控制体内自身免疫反应的T细胞亚群,在抑制哮喘发生过程中发挥着关键作用[32-33]。中草药能够通过诱导Tregs抑制Th2或Th17型反应,从而抑制哮喘的发生或减轻哮喘的病症[34-35]。黄芪通过促进转录因子Foxp3 mRNA 的水平,增加诱导型Tregs(induced Tregs,iTregs)的比例,进而减轻哮喘病症[36]。荆芥苞蒿水提物在OVA诱导的哮喘小鼠模型中通过上调Treg的数量,下调Th17型细胞因子,从而降低Th17/Tregs的比例,抑制Th17型免疫水平;同时降低转化生长因子-β(transfer growth factor-bata,TGF-β)细胞内信号转导分子Smad2/3的蛋白水平,达到减缓哮喘的作用[37]。从地黄、淫羊藿等提取的补肾益气配方在哮喘模型中能够减少肺组织中RORγt的表达,抑制Th17型反应,同时上调Foxp3的表达,增加Tregs,调节Th17/Tregs平衡,从而减缓哮喘症状[38]。Ruan等发现CHM(五味子、炙黄芪、白术、土茯苓、陈皮、辛夷、甘草等)混合提取的配方固本方小汤能够显著减少白介素17A(interleukin 17,IL-17)的表达而增加IL-10的表达,从而增加Tregs的比例,抑制Th17型反应[39]。从红花中分离出来的藏花酸在OVA诱导的哮喘模型中通过提高肿瘤坏死因子诱导蛋白8样2[tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced protein 8-like 2,TIPE2]的表达,上调Foxp3的表达,使得Tregs的数目增加,减轻恶性哮喘症状[40]。Lin等[41]发现欧前胡素通过调节树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)的功能,促进IL-10的表达,诱导Tregs产生,使得Th2型反应下降,增强抗炎效应。这些研究说明CHM可通过诱导调节性T细胞,抑制Th2或Th17型反应,使免疫系统重新回归免疫平衡。

4 中草药调节DC的成熟状态与功能

专职抗原提呈细胞DC在引发过敏性级联反应中发挥着重要作用[42-43]。研究表明,CHM通过调节DC的成熟與功能,从而影响T细胞的活化及分化,抑制或减轻哮喘[44]。从紫草提取的有效成分紫草素在小鼠哮喘模型中通过抑制DC主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex class,MHC)Ⅱ,CD80,CD86,CCR7,OX40L的表达,降低CD4+ T细胞分泌IL-4,IL-5,TNF-α的水平[45]。从蒿类植物中提取的AIP1能够下调DC表面CD11c及MHC Ⅱ的表达,降低CD11c+MHC Ⅱ+的比例,减轻哮喘症状[46]。从甘草中提取的有效成分甘草酸通过下调DC表面分子(OX40L等)表达,抑制Th2型免疫反应,减缓哮喘症状[47]。Yang等研究发现姜黄素通过激活DC内Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,调节DC功能,从而减轻哮喘炎症反应[48]。Gu等研究表明从中草药中提取的活性成分橙黄素显著降低由Der p1诱导的哮喘病人单核细胞来源DC表面HLA-DR,CD86,CD83的表达,以及IκB的磷酸化和核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)p65细胞核转运,使得诱导自体CD4+ T细胞活化的能力下降,有望成为潜在的哮喘治疗药物[49]。说明中草药可以通过调节DC的成熟及功能,抑制Th2型免疫反应,实现免疫平衡。

5 中草药调节细胞内的信号通路

从黄芩中提取的紫葳素甲调控OVA诱导的NF-κB信号通路,降低支气管肺泡中的Th2型相关细胞因子及OVA特异性IgE的表达,抑制哮喘炎症反应[50]。从穿心莲中提取的穿心莲内酯能在体内和体外显著降低由活性氧介导的NF-κB的活化和核苷酸结合域富含亮氨酸重复序列(nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing,NLR)家族中NFRP3炎性体的形成,进而降低TNF-α和IL-1β的产生,减轻肺损伤[51]。从川芎中分离的川芎嗪毛冬青能有效减轻OVA引起的哮喘小鼠过敏性气道炎症,降低CCL3,CCL19,CCL21趋化因子和受体CCR7的表达水平,这些抑制效应与抑制STAT3与p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)的信号通路密切相关[52]。从CHM中分离的原儿茶酸在一定程度上能够有效的改善OVA引起的小鼠过敏性哮喘,研究发现其机制可能与阻断MAPK以及NF-κB通路相关[53]。中药验方天龙喘咳灵水煎剂有效抑制MAPKs信号通路当中的胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal regulated kinase,ERK)通路和STAT3通路,有效防治慢性哮喘小鼠模型的气道重塑[54]。Liu等研究发现从中草药配方ASHMITM分离的灵芝酸C1可以抑制巨噬细胞及哮喘病人外周血单核细胞NF-κB信号通路及部分抑制AP1 和MAPK信号通路,减轻TNF-α介导的哮喘炎症反应[55]。来自香青蒿的半合成物质二氢青蒿素在OVA诱导的哮喘模型中抑制ERK,p38及IκB磷酸化,降低肺组织中Muc5ac和Chil4 mRNA的表达水平,减轻过敏性症状[56]。从商陆分离的商陆皂苷甲能活化Nrf-2通路,增加抗氧化酶相关mRNA的表达,降低肺泡中及肺组织中炎性细胞因子及相关黏附分子mRNA的表达,减轻气道炎症[57]。说明中草药通过调控不同信号通路,可以降低哮喘炎症相关细胞因子和蛋白的表达。endprint

6 展望

中草药能够通过不同方式减轻哮喘炎症,其功效成分可以直接抑制炎性细胞向肺组织的浸润,调节Th1/Th2,Th17/Treg的平衡,诱导Treg细胞分化及IL-10表达,从而抑制炎症反应。随着研究的深入,越来越多的中药功效成分被分离、鉴定,并对其功能进行了相关研究。但是,这些中草药功效成分的作用机制仍然需要进一步阐明,如中草药对抗原递呈细胞成熟及细胞因子表达的影响,对Treg的诱导分化等;此外中草药功效成分之间是否都具有协同作用及其协同作用的机制也需要深入研究,从而优化中草药的配方,提高中草药治疗哮喘的效果。

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