“一定”要弄清楚
2017-10-25余可佳
余可佳
人教版英语教材选修八的第二单元中有这样一个句子:
Dollys death, like her birth, was bound to raise worries.
句子的意思是“多莉羊的死去和她的出生一样一定会引起人们的担忧”。其中be bound to后接不定式,表示预测,意思是“一定”。
在英语中表示指导、教育、告诫、批评或预测时,人们常常会用到与“一定”“务必”这样的表达。这些表达方式在现行中学英语教材和教学辅导资料中俯拾皆是。
[情态动词或情态动词短语表示“一定”]
1. 情态动词must表示“必须;一定”,说明某人的义务或责任,也可用于对某一事实作肯定的推测。如:
In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewitness to believe and which not to believe.
在审判中,法官必须断定哪些证人可以相信,哪些证人不能相信。
2. 情态动词should表示“应该”,说明某人的义务,should还可以表示对第三方未来情形的推测,译作“会”。如:
Your parents and your school should be very proud of you!
你的父母和你的学校都会为你感到非常骄傲。
3. 情态动词have to表示“不得不”。例如:
On the football team Im a striker so I have to be able to run very fast.
在足球队里我是前锋,因此我必须能跑得很快。
4. 用情态动词ought to表示“应该”,说明某人的义务。和should一样,ought to也能表示对第三方未来情形的推测,译作“会”。如:
By now his restaurant ought to be full of people. But not today!
这个钟点他的餐厅本该宾客盈门,但今天不是!
Once lost in the forest, you ought to remain where you are waiting for help.
你一旦在森林中迷路,就一定要待在你迷路的地方等候援助。
[普通动词短语表示“一定”]
1. be forced to do表示“被迫做……”,某种角度上也与“义务”有关。例如:
Owing to rough weather, the coast guard had been forced to abandon the search.
由于气候恶劣,海岸卫兵被迫放弃搜索。
2. be obliged to do表示“被迫/必须做……”。如:
Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school.
法律规定父母必须送子女入学。
3. be supposed to do表示“应该”,后接动词原形。如:
The match was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we had to postpone it.
比賽本该在星期二举行,但我们不得不把它推迟。
4. be destined for sth.或be destined to do表示“注定;预定”。如:
He was destined for a military career, like his father before him.
他命中注定要步父亲的后尘过戎马生涯。
5. be bound to do表示“一定做……”,说明某人有责任或义务做某事。如:
Youve done so much work that you are bound to pass the exam.
你已经做了这么多工作,那你一定能够通过考试。
6. “be doomed to+名词/动词原形”表示“一定”。如:
It is clear that the whole project is doomed to failure without enough technological support.
很清楚——没有足够的技术支持整个计划注定要失败。
7. see to it that表示“一定;务必”。如:
Will you see to it that this letter gets mailed today?
请务必今天把这封信寄出去,好吗?
[“be+不定式”表示将来必然]
I read in the newspaper today that you are to be the architect for the new Bankstown cinema.
今天我从报上了解到,您将会成为班克斯敦新影院的建筑设计师。
[sure及其同根词表示“一定”]
1. be sure to do表示“务必”。如:
Whatever one has planned is sure to change as one puts it into practice.endprint
任何计划好了的事在实施时一定会变化。
2. make sure to do表示“务必”。如:
When the group discussion is near its end, make sure to conclude it with important points.
当小组讨论快要结束时,一定要总结一下要点。
3. 介词短语for sure表示“确定地;肯定”。如:
The meeting will be held in September, but nobody knows the date for sure.
会议将在九月份举行,但是没有人知道确切日期。
4. surely表示“一定”。如:
Surely you dont think I was responsible for this?
你一定不会以为出了这事是我的责任吧?
5. 话语标志to be sure表示“一定”。如:
The idea “happiness”, to be sure, will not sit still for easy definition.
幸福的想法当然不会坐着不动等一个简单的定义。
[certain及其同根词表示“一定”]
1. be certain to do表示“一定”。如:
Every time you do you will be certain to find something that you have never seen before.
每次当你这样做的时候,你一定会发现你从未见过的东西。
2. certainly表示“一定”。如:
In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in todays world of cultural crossroads!
总的说来,在当今文化交融的世界,学习不同国家的习俗肯定能帮助我们避免交往中的困难。
3. with certainty表示“一定”。如:
With this extra evidence, John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.
有了這份额外的证据,约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣布,这种被污染了的水携带病菌。
[definite及其同根词表示“一定”]
1.“Its definite that+从句”表示“一定”。如:
Its definite that he will come.
2. definitely表示“一定”。如:
I will definitely study medicine after I finish school.
[其他介词短语表示“一定”]
1. 介词短语without fail表示“务必;一定”,在句中作状语。如:
I want you here by two oclock without fail.
我要你两点钟务必来到这里。
2. 介词短语by all means表示“务必”。如:
By all means try the jacket on, but I think it will be too big for you.
务必试一下这件夹克衫,但我觉得你穿太大了。
综上所述,除了介词短语和副词外,多数表示“务必;一定”的谓语结构都接不定式。了解了上述表达方式,不仅在阅读过程中能帮助我们理解文章,而且在口头表达和书面表达中使我们能够得心应手地表达建议、要求或预测。endprint