DRD2基因多态性与冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄的关联研究
2017-07-18李晓晴刘水平姜霁雯袁鹏郑海亮
李晓晴 刘水平 姜霁雯 袁鹏 郑海亮
·论著·
DRD2基因多态性与冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄的关联研究
李晓晴 刘水平 姜霁雯 袁鹏 郑海亮
目的 研究DRD2基因多态性与冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄的相关性以及危险因素。方法 以冠状动脉旁路移植手术住院患者为研究对象,连续纳入手术患者150例,以《谵妄分级量表-98修订版》作为谵妄诊断工具,分析术后谵妄的发生率和危险因素;采用基因测序法确定DRD2的多态性,分析rs6275、ts6277多态性与谵妄的相关性。结果 术后谵妄发生率8.0%(12/150例);组间单因素分析显示脑梗死 (OR=0.784,95%CI 0.631~0.975,P=0.024);手术持续时间(OR=2.251,95%CI 0.941~5.380,P=0.048);体外循环时间(OR=1.057,95%CI 0.703~1.590,P=0.029);ICU病房时间(OR=1.890,95%CI 1.201~2.973,P=0.005)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组间rs6275基因型差异无统计学意义(OR=1.265,95%CI 0.697~2.303,P=0.651);rs6277基因型2组间分布差异有统计学意义(OR=2.276,95%CI 1.142~4.523,P=0.049);Logsistic多因素回归分析显示脑梗死(OR=1.861,95%CI 1.082~3.163,P=0.024)、ICU持续时间(OR=6.757,95%CI 2.376~19.267,P=0.001)、rs6277的CC基因型(OR=4.019,95%CI 1.395~12.341,P=0.012)是术后谵妄的危险因素。结论 对术前合并脑梗死的高危患者,进行DRD2基因筛查,有助于评估谵妄发生的可能性。
冠状动脉旁路移植术;术后谵妄;发生率;危险因素
术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)是在手术、麻醉后出现的急性、波动性认知功能障碍,是在患者易感素质的基础上,由围手术期的多种因素共同作用所促发[1,2]。尽管心脏手术和麻醉技术日益成熟,POD仍是冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)术后神经系统急性并发症之一,POD不仅延长住院时间、增加医疗费用、延缓功能恢复,最新研究显示,术后谵妄还与术后持续认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)、痴呆(dementia)密切相关[3,4]。POD的发病机制尚不十分清楚,基因易感性和生物标志物已成为谵妄研究的新热点[5]。多巴胺受体阻断剂能够有效控制谵妄症状,使多巴胺能系统成为谵妄研究的候选基因之一[6]。本研究旨在探讨多巴胺D2受体(dopamine D2 receptor,DRD2)与谵妄的相关性[7],为早期预防提供依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 连续纳入2014年1~12月北京安贞医院心脏外科CABG手术的150例住院患者为研究对象,其中男95例,女55例;平均年龄(62.8±7.1)岁。
1.2 谵妄诊断标准 采用美国《精神疾病诊断与统计手册-第五版》[8](《diagnostic and statistical manual-V,DSM-V》)的诊断标准,以谵妄分级量表-98修订版(delirium rating scale-revised-98,DRS-R-98)[9]作为谵妄的诊断和鉴别诊断工具,该量表内容分为两部分:(1)3个诊断项目:包括“症状发生时间”“症状波动性”和“躯体疾病”,鉴别诊断谵妄、痴呆、精神分裂症等;(2)13个严重程度项目:包括“睡眠觉醒周期紊乱”、“感知障碍”、“妄想”、“情感易变性”、“言语”、“思维过程”、“精神运动性激越”、“精神运动性迟滞”、“注意力”、“短时记忆”、“定向障碍”、“长时记忆”和“视空间能力”。每个项目根据不同程度分为0~3分,累计积分,DRS-R-98≥12分则诊断谵妄。
1.3 研究方法
1.3.1 入选标准:①冠状动脉旁路移植术后,包括体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植手术(on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,On-CABG)和非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植手术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,Off-CABG);②符合谵妄的诊断标准, DRS-98≥12分;③术前无认知功能障碍,简易精神状态检查量表(Mini Mental State Examination,MMSE)评分:文盲≥17 分;小学≥20分;中学及以上≥24 分;④术前无焦虑、抑郁,医院焦虑抑郁量表(hospital anxiety and depression scale,HADS)评分≤7分;⑤同意参加试验并签署知情同意书。
1.3.2 排除标准:①术后发生脑卒中,包括缺血性及出血性脑卒中;②因其他因素引起术后意识障碍者;③严重视听障碍,无法配合神经系统查体、认知功能测试及其他神经系统功能评估;④同时进行两种及以上的心脏手术者。
1.3.3 观察指标:将观察指标分为三大类,分别为术前因素(既往病史和一般资料),术中因素(手术过程),术后因素(术后监护室以及返回病房后)。术前因素包括年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、糖尿病、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、高血压、房颤(arterial fibrillation,AF)、脑梗死、脑出血。术中因素包括手术持续时间、麻醉持续时间、体外循环持续时间、术中平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、手术方式(体外循环下手术和非体外循环下手术)。术后因素包括重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)持续时间,机械通气时间(controlled mechanical ventilation,CMV),平均动脉压,血氧饱和度(arterial oxygen saturation,SaO2),发热,心率,血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb),术后疼痛采用视觉模拟疼痛评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)。
1.3.4 分组:根据是否发生POD将研究对象分为研究组(谵妄组)12例和对照组(非谵妄组)138例。
1.3.5 多巴胺受体D2(dopamine D2 receptor,DRD2)基因型的测定:采用基因测序法确定研究对象的DRD2基因型。采用Promega DNA纯化试剂盒抽提全血DNA,然后进行DRD2基因PCR扩增。DRD2 rs6275设计引物,上游:5’gccgactcaccgagaaca 3’;下游5’ggctgatgcctgggaact 3’。25 μl PCR扩增反应体系包括10×PCR缓冲液2.5 μl+2.5 mmol/L的dNTP混合液2 μl+上游引物(10 μmol/L)0.5 μl+下游引物(10 μmol/L)0.5 μl+DNA(200 ng/μl)2 μl +Taq DNA聚合酶(5 μg/μl)0.2 μl+ddH2O 17.3 μl=25 μl。循环条件:95℃ 5 min,(94℃ 30 s,51.8℃ 30 s,72℃ 30 s)共30个循环;最后72℃ 5 min,纯化PCR产物。DRD2 rs6277设计引物,上游:5’gccgactcaccgagaaca 3’;下游5’ggctgatgcctgggaact 3’。25 μl PCR扩增反应体系包括10×PCR缓冲液2.5 μl+2.5 mmol/L的dNTP混合液2 μl+上游引物(10 μmol/L)0.5 μl+下游引物(10 μmol/L)0.5 μl+DNA(200 ng/μl)2 μl +Taq DNA聚合酶(5 μg/μl)0.2 μl+ddH2O 17.3 μl=25 μl。循环条件:95℃ 5 min,(94℃ 30 s,59.9℃ 30 s,72℃ 30 s)共30个循环;最后72℃ 5 min,纯化PCR产物。扩增产物进行直接测序,采用DNA Star软件比对,chromas软件判断基因型。
2 结果
2.1 POD的发生率和研究分组 纳入150例研究对象,谵妄患者共12例为研究组;无谵妄患者138例为对照组。谵妄发生率8.0%。
2.2 组间单因素分析 将2组患者围手术期指标分为三大类型,即术前、术中和术后危险因素,并对这三大类指标进行单因素分析。与POD发生有关的危险因素包括既往脑梗死 (OR=0.784,95%CI 0.631~0.975,P=0.024);手术持续时间(OR=2.251,95%CI 0.941~5.380,P=0.048);体外循环时间(OR=1.057,95%CI 0.703~1.590,P=0.029);ICU病房时间(OR=1.890,95%CI 1.201~2.973,P=0.005),上述各因素对POD的影响差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1~3。
表1 POD术前危险因素分析
表2 POD术中危险因素分析
表3 POD术后危险因素分析
2.3 DRD2基因多态性与POD的关联
2.3.1 rs6275和rs6277的基因频率和基因型以及Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡检验:DRD2位于染色体11q23,第7号外显子的2个位点即rs6275和rs6277分别存在同义突变即939T>C和957C>T。rs6275等位基因C的频率为43.7%,等位基因T的频率为56.3%;三种基因型CC、CT、TT的频率分别为15.3%、56.7%、28.0%。rs6277等位基因C的频率为88.0%,等位基因T的频率为12.0%;三种基因型CC、CT、TT的频率分别为78.7%、18.7%、2.6%。经Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律检验,rs6275和rs6277的基因型频率的分布符合遗传平衡(P>0.05),样本来自同一孟德尔群体。见表4、5。
表4 rs6275和rs6277的基本特征
表5 rs6275和rs6277位点基因频率及基因型分布 例(%)
2.3.2 2组中rs6275和rs6277基因和基因型频率的结果:2组间rs6275等位基因频率差异无统计学意义(OR=1.056,95%CI 0.727~1.733,P=0.775);rs6275基因型2组间分布差异亦无统计学意义(OR=1.265,95%CI 0.697~2.303,P=0.651)。2组间rs6277等位基因频率差异有统计学意义(OR=3.857,95%CI 1.727~8.663,P=0.001);rs6277基因型2组间分布差异有统计学意义(OR=2.276,95%CI 1.142~4.523,P=0.049)。见表6。
表6 2组中rs6275和rs6277基因和基因型频率比较 例(%)
2.3.3 多因素回归分析:多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示,与POD发生有关的因素包括脑梗死、ICU持续时间、rs6277的CC基因型。见表7。
表7 POD的Logsistic多因素回归分析结果
3 讨论
POD是CABG常见的并发症之一,与围手术期的多种因素有关[10]。脑血管病是发生POD的高危因素。术前“认知正常(cognitively healthy)”的患者,头部核磁检查可以发现脑白质疏松(white matter hyperintensity or leukoaraiosis)、腔隙性梗死(lacunar infarction)等多种脑小血管病变(cerebral small vessel disease,SVD)[11],脑血管病变导致神经元损失、突触数目减少、神经环路受损、认知障碍发生阈值降低,在此基础上,CABG手术应激可诱发系统性炎性反应,增加血脑屏障通透性,炎性因子TNF等进一步诱发急性脑损伤,导致乙酰胆碱、五羟色胺、多巴胺等神经递质失衡,产生谵妄[12]。
POD与ICU病房观察时间延长有关。ICU时间长与手术时间长、创伤大、术后并发症等多种因素有关,对中枢神经系统等重要器官的影响亦增加;ICU也是一种特殊环境,常有机械辅助通气、肢体约束、留置胃管尿管、密切监测护理等,容易诱发谵妄[13]。
本研究首创性的观察了多巴胺受体基因多态性与术后谵妄的关联性。多巴胺是重要的神经递质,多巴胺与乙酰胆碱神经递质失衡是谵妄的发病机制之一[14]。脑内有三条主要的多巴胺能神经通路,分别是黑质纹状体通路、中脑边缘系统通路以及漏斗结节通路。多巴胺递质与多巴胺受体(dopamine receptors, DRs)结合,发挥调节运动、认知、学习、记忆、情感、内分泌功能的重要作用。多巴胺受体有五种亚型D1~D5。最近的荟萃分析、横断面流行病学研究以及基因多态性研究结果均提示多巴胺受体基因与谵妄、酒精依赖、精神分裂症、神经退行性疾病有关[15]。多巴胺D2受体(dopamine receptor D2,DRD2)编码基因位于染色体11q22-q24,其单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)成为目前的研究热点。本研究首创性的观察了DRD2基因位于第七外显子的两种同义突变rs6275(C/T)和rs6277(C/T)[16,17]与术后谵妄的关系。我们发现rs6277的C等位基因是术后谵妄的危险因素(P=0.001,OR=3.857,95%CI 1.727~8.663)。虽然rs6277(C/T)是同义突变,表达的氨基酸相同,但是细胞研究显示C/T等位基因的差异显著影响DRD2的mRNA的稳定性和表达数量;健康志愿者的人体试验进一步显示纹状体、皮质、丘脑不同脑区域的多巴胺受体的亲和性和密度受rs6277(C/T)突变影响,C/C纯合子的DRD2亲和性最强,T/T纯合子的亲和性最弱[18-20]。据此推测rs6277(C/T)突变通过增加多巴胺能神经活性,导致多巴胺与乙酰胆碱递质失衡,进而增加谵妄发生的易感性。国内外对于rs6277(C/T)与谵妄的相关性研究均为之甚少,因此需要更大规模的病例对照(case-control)研究以及更细化的表型分层,进一步确认rs6277与谵妄的相关性。
国外对rs6275(C/T)多态性的研究集中在精神分裂症[21]、偏头痛[22]、语言障碍[23]、药物滥用[24]等方面。在与谵妄的关联研究中,有关rs6275的阳性报道极少,本研究亦未发现rs6275(C/T)与术后谵妄相关。
药物遗传学研究显示,DRD2基因多态性可能与药物治疗的不良反应相关[25-27],因此,对术前合并脑梗死的高危患者,进行DRD2基因筛查,有助于评估谵妄发生的可能性,对指导药物治疗,提高术后管理水平具有一定的应用价值。
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Correlation between dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting
LIXiaoqing,LIUShuiping,JIANGJiwen,etal.
DepartmentofNeurology,AnzhenHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100029,China
Objective To investigate the correlation between dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene polymorphism and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and to analyze the risk factors of postoperative delirium.Methods A total 150 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled in the study. The incidence rate and risk factors of postoperative delirium were analyzed by taking 《Delirium rating scale 98 revised edition》as diagnosis criteria for delirium,moreover, DRD2 genotypes were detected by gene sequencing.The correlation between rs6275,rs6277 polymorphism and delirium was analyzed.Results The incidence rate of postoperative delirium was 8.0% (12/150).The interclass univariate Logistic regression analysis results showed there were significant differences in cerebral infarction (OR=0.784,95%CI 0.631~0.975,P<0.05),surgery duration (OR=2.251,95%CI 0.941~5.380,P<0.05), extracorporeal circulation time (OR=1.057,95%CI 0.703~1.590,P<0.05)and intensive care unit duration (OR=1.890,95%CI 1.201~2.973,P<0.01). However there were no significant differences in frequencies of genotype and alleles of rs6275 polymorphism between case group and control group (OR=1.265,95%CI 0.697~2.303,P>0.05),but there were significant differences in frequencies of genotype and alleles of rs6277 polymorphism between the two groups (OR=2.276, 95%CI 1.142~4.523,P<0.05). The Logistic multifactor stepwise regression analysis showed that cerebral infarction, ICU duration and CC genotype of rs6277 were risk factors of postoperative delirium (P<0.01 orP<0.05).Conclusion To perform DRD2 gene screening in cerebral infarction patients with high risk factors may be helpful for prevention of occurrence of postoperative delirium.
coronary artery bypass grafting; postoperative delirium; incidence rate; risk factors
10.3969/j.issn.1002-7386.2017.15.001
项目来源:北京市自然科学基金项目(编号:1152003)
100029 北京市,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院(李晓晴、刘水平、姜霁雯、袁鹏);首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院医学工程处(郑海亮)
郑海亮,100038 北京市,首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院医学工程处;
E-mail:15811197824@163.com
R 614
A
1002-7386(2017)15-2245-05
2016-09-27)