胃癌根治患者术后应用盐酸羟考酮的镇痛效果观察
2017-07-18陈刘芳陈中刚刘友坦
陈刘芳, 肖 翔, 陈中刚, 吴 云, 刘友坦*
1. 南方医科大学深圳医院麻醉科,深圳 518000 2. 武汉大学中南医院麻醉科,武汉 430071
·短篇论著·
胃癌根治患者术后应用盐酸羟考酮的镇痛效果观察
陈刘芳1,2, 肖 翔1, 陈中刚1, 吴 云2, 刘友坦1*
1. 南方医科大学深圳医院麻醉科,深圳 518000 2. 武汉大学中南医院麻醉科,武汉 430071
目的: 观察胃癌根治切除术患者术后应用盐酸羟考酮的镇痛效果。方法: 选取本院2014年4月至2015年6月进行胃癌切除术患者90例作为主要观察对象,术后均进行镇痛泵治疗,采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组(采用盐酸羟考酮进行止痛,n=45)和对照组(采用舒芬太尼进行止痛,n=45),比较两组患者术后不同时间点镇痛效果(疼痛视觉模拟评分法)、吗啡补充应用剂量、镇静评分变化及不良反应情况。结果: 观察组患者在术后2 h及术后48 h镇痛效果与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;观察组患者在术后6、12、24 h镇痛效果均低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者术后48 h内共2例患者补充应用吗啡肌注(40 mg),低于对照组补充用药患者数(9例)和用药总量(150 mg),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者自控按压药物次数低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者在术后2 h及术后48 h镇静评分与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;观察组患者Ramsay镇静评分在术后6、12、24 h均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患者术后48 h内患者中有2例出现恶心及呕吐,低于对照组的10例(P<0.05)。结论: 采用盐酸羟考酮进行胃癌根治切除术患者术后镇痛效果满意,不良反应小,值得临床推广。
盐酸羟考酮;胃癌;疼痛;镇痛
随着现代医学模式的深入发展,临床对患者的生理及心理的关注程度明显提高。胃癌根治术术后的急性疼痛虽然具有自限性,但治疗不及时会迁延为慢性疼痛。目前临床主要通过吗啡或舒芬太尼对胃癌患者术后疼痛进行镇痛[1]。研究[2]表明,盐酸羟考酮能够明显缓解乳腺癌改良根治手术后急性疼痛。因此,本研究尝试将其应用于胃癌根治切除术术后患者镇痛,探讨其镇痛效果,为后续临床应用提供支持。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选择从2014年4月至2015年6月入住本院进行胃癌切除术患者90例,术后均进行镇痛泵治疗,采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组(采用盐酸羟考酮进行止痛)45例,对照组(采用舒芬太尼进行止痛)45例。纳入标准:患者经胃镜检查确诊胃癌,诊断符合《中华人民共和国卫生行业标准:胃癌诊断标准(WS 316-2010)》;患者年龄50~60岁;患者对羟考酮及舒芬太尼均无变态反应;患者癌症分期为0期或ⅠA期;符合美国麻醉师协会(ASA)麻醉分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。排除标准:除外患者伴发机体其他部位肿瘤;严重肝肾损伤患者;精神异常患者;手术不成功及术后手术切口难愈合者。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会审核通过,所有患者均知情同意并签署知情同意书。
1.2 麻醉方法
1.2.1 术前准备 术前两组患者均禁食水8 h。入手术室后,进行吸氧、心电监护等措施,实时监护患者脉搏、血氧饱和度、开放2条或2条以上静脉通路,穿刺桡动脉并监测有创动脉血压及中心静脉压。
1.2.2 手术麻醉 对两组患者进行静脉注射,包括咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg,阿托品0.5 mg,芬太尼4 μg/kg,依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg,罗库溴铵0.9 mg/kg;术中两组患者均给予丙泊酚注射液,注射用盐酸瑞芬太尼0.2~0.4 μg/(kg·min)进行麻醉维持,间断注射顺阿曲库铵维持肌肉松弛。手术结束前,停止丙泊酚注射,对照组应用枸橼酸舒芬太尼注射液0.1 μg/(kg·min),观察组应用盐酸羟考酮注射液0.1 mg/(kg·min),手术结束时可短期应用预防恶心、呕吐的药物。
1.2.3 术后镇痛 患者术后开启静脉止痛泵,静脉泵容量100 mL,对照组术后采用舒芬太尼镇痛,静脉泵含舒芬太尼2 μg/kg;观察组患者以盐酸羟考酮为主,静脉泵含羟考酮1 mg/kg;注射速率为2 mL/h,单次按压剂量为0.5 mL,锁定时间设置在15 min,患者镇痛效果不理想,可以采用吗啡肌肉注射10 mg/次。
1.3 疼痛程度评价标准 患者术后镇痛效果(疼痛视觉模拟评分法)[3]:让患者自己进行痛感评价,以0~10分为标准,0分为无痛感,10分为极度疼痛;临床评定以“0~2”分为“优”,“3~5”分为“良”,“6~8”分为“可”,“>8”分为“差”。根据两组患者术后不同时期疼痛感觉进行分类统计。Ramsay镇静评分变化[4]:按照患者镇静程度分为6个层次,以1~6进行分级,1级烦躁不安,2级清醒且能安静合作,3级嗜睡并对指令反应敏捷,4级处于浅睡眠状态仍可迅速唤醒,5级入睡状态对呼叫反应迟钝,6级处于深睡状态且对呼叫无反应。按照患者所处层次计分,即1级计为1分,统计两组患者的各时段总分进行比较。
1.4 观察指标 记录患者在术后2 h(T0)、术后6 h(T1)、术后12 h(T2)、术后24 h(T3)、术后48 h(T4)的镇痛效果及吗啡补充应用剂量、患者自控按压药物的次数以及手术后不良反应的发生情况。
2 结 果
2.1 一般资料 对照组患者男30例、女15例,年龄51~60岁、平均(57.36±4.13)岁,体质量(78.25±10.43) kg;观察组男29例、女16例,年龄52~60岁、平均(58.41±5.13)岁,体质量(80.15±9.86)kg。两组患者一般资料差异无统计学意义。
2.2 两组患者术后不同时间点镇痛效果的对比 结果(表1)表明:观察组患者在术后2 h及术后48 h镇痛效果与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;观察组患者在术后6 h、12 h、24 h疼痛评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表1 两组患者术后不同时间点镇痛效果(疼痛评分)的比较 n=45,
*P<0.05与对照组相比
2.3 患者吗啡补充情况及自控按压药物次数的对比 结果(表2)表明:观察组患者术后48 h内共2例患者补充应用吗啡,共注射40 mg,低于对照组补充用药患者数(9例)和用药总量150 mg(P<0.05);观察组患者自控按压药物次数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表2 患者吗啡补充情况及患者自控按压药物次数
**P<0.01,*P<0.05与对照组相比
2.4 镇静评分变化以及不良反应情况 结果(表3)表明:观察组患者在术后2 h及术后48 h镇静评分与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;观察组患者Ramsay镇静评分在术后6 h、12 h、24 h均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者术后48 h内患者中有2例(4.44%)出现恶心及呕吐,低于对照组10例(22.22%,P<0.05)。
表3 Ramsay镇静评分变化情况的比较 n=45,
*P<0.05与对照组相比
3 讨 论
胃癌属于常见恶性肿瘤,会造成机体严重影响[5]。而胃癌患者主要以手术根治为主,作为腹部手术其术后疼痛非常明显,且疼痛会引起机体出现多种并发症。临床常见术后镇痛药物主要以舒芬太尼和羟考酮为主[6]。舒芬太尼是临床常用的阿片类镇痛药物,镇痛效果良好,但如果剂量过大会引起呼吸抑制、嗜睡、恶心等不良反应,甚至可能会出现心动过缓等情况[7]。与之相比,羟考酮不仅能够减轻手术疼痛,还能够降低患者的不良反应发生情况[8],极大提升手术后的镇痛效果,并且预防不良反应发生,使患者能够更快康复,提高预后效果。因此,在临床上通常使用不同镇痛方法或多种镇痛联合应用来进行术后镇痛[9]。
本研究发现,观察组患者在术后6、12、24 h疼痛评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。舒芬太尼是一种高选择性的阿片受体激动剂,通过影响患者延髓、脊髓等痛觉传导区的阿片受体来产生作用,并且跟其有效结合[10]。但对于患者的内脏痛,该药难以取得较好的镇痛效果,且剂量过大还会造成患者呕吐、恶心等不良反应[11]。羟考酮是目前临床上唯一使用的纯阿片双受体激动剂,能够同时激动κ、μ受体,相比舒芬太尼,该药能够起到更好的镇痛效果[12]。因此,术后镇痛应用盐酸羟考酮镇痛效果起效更快,效果更佳。本研究观察组患者术后48 h内共2例患者补充应用吗啡,共注射40 mg,低于对照组补充用药患者数和用药总量(P<0.05)。有研究[13-15]表明,羟考酮具有极高的生物利用度,静脉注射该药可以在2~3 min内起到镇痛效果,在5 min时血药浓度会达到最大值,具有较长的镇痛时间,所以静脉注射该药品可起到更好的镇痛效果[16-17]。多项研究[18-20]表明,应用羟考酮的患者补救镇痛率更低,与本研究结果一致。观察组患者自控按压药物次数低于对照组(P<0.05);Ramsay镇静评分在术后6 h、12 h、24 h均高于对照组(P<0.05)。应用羟考酮患者术后48 h内2例出现恶心呕吐,低于对照组(P<0.05)。本研究发现术后镇痛药物不良反应主要以胃肠道反应为主,患者恶心及呕吐发生率越低,其影响越小,对临床康复越有利。
综上所述,采用盐酸羟考酮进行胃癌根治切除术患者术后镇痛效果满意,比照应用舒芬太尼不良反应小,镇痛效果满意度高,值得临床推广。
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[本文编辑] 廖晓瑜, 贾泽军
Clinical efficacy of oxycodone hydrochloride in treatment with postoperative analgesia in patients with radical gastrectomy
CHEN Liu-fang1,2, XIAO Xiang1, CHEN Zhong-gang1, WU Yun2, LIU You-tan1*
1. Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China2. Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
Objective: To observe the effect of oxycodone hydrochloride on postoperative analgesic in patients with radical resection of gastric cancer. Methods: Totally 90 cases with gastric cancer resection in hospital April 2014 and 2015 June were selected and divided into observation group (treated with oxycodone hydrochloride for pain) in 45 cases, control group (treated with sufentanil for pain) in 45 cases. The analgesia effect (pain visual analogue score) at different time, morphina supplement dosage, changes of sedation scores and adverse reactions were compared. Results: The patients in the observation group after operation and postoperative analgesic effect of 2 h and 48 h compared with the control group had no significant difference; the patients in the observation group after operation 6 h, 12 h and 24 h analgesic effect was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05); the patients in the observation group after 48 h in patients with a total of 2 cases of application of intramuscular injection of morphine, 40 mg was significantly lower than the control group of patients (9 cases) and the number of the total dosage of 150 mg (P<0.05); the number of drug automatic pressing in the observation group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05); patients in the observation group after the surgery and postoperative 2 h and 48 h score compared with the control group. The Ramsay sedation score in postoperative 6 h, 12 h, 24 h in observation group were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05); Two cases in observation group had nausea and vomiting after 48h of operation, which was lower than the control group of 10 cases (P<0.05). Conclusions: The oxycodone hydrochloride has satisfied effect on analgesia for gastric cancer radical resection with few adverse effect, which is worth of clinical promotion.
oxycodone hydrochloride; gastric cancer; pain; analgesia
2017-02-28 [接受日期] 2017-06-15
深圳市卫生计生系统科研项目(201607037). Supported by Research Project of Health Planning System of Shenzhen (201607037).
陈刘芳,硕士,讲师、主治医师. E-mail: chenliufang48@163.com
*通信作者(Corresponding author). Tel: 0755-23329999, E-mail: 785433277@qq.com
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2017.20170154
R 614
A