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16 例 Meyer 发育不良患儿的临床特点及疗效的回顾性研究

2017-06-21傅刚王玉琨张建立朱振华郭源

中国骨与关节杂志 2017年6期
关键词:骨龄骨化回顾性

傅刚 王玉琨 张建立 朱振华 郭源

16 例 Meyer 发育不良患儿的临床特点及疗效的回顾性研究

傅刚 王玉琨 张建立 朱振华 郭源

目的回顾性分析本院 16 例 Meyer 发育不良患儿的临床特点和治疗效果。方法回顾分析我科 2008 年至 2014 年,诊断为 Meyer 发育不良的 16 例患儿 ( 共计 22 髋 ) 的临床资料。16 例患儿中,男∶女=15∶1。双侧发病的为 6 例 ( 38% )。就诊时平均年龄 3.1 ( 1.5~5 ) 岁,随访时间平均 2.8 ( 2~6 ) 年。诊断标准为:( 1 ) 年龄<5 岁;( 2 ) 就诊时症状以轻微跛行或者髋关节轻微疼痛不适为主,经休息均自行缓解,症状消失;( 3 ) 活动不受限,查体无阳性体征;( 4 ) X 线检查见到股骨头骺小,骨性骺核出现延迟或分成数个,呈桑椹状或者表面不规则。但是没有软骨下骨折,没有骺核密度增高,没有髋关节半脱位;( 5 ) 如有MRI,未见骺内异常信号;( 6 ) 无其它骨骺发育异常;( 7 ) 无内分泌异常。初次就诊后处理:观察,先免负重3 个月再复查,复查时如果症状解除,X 线片上未出现软骨下骨折,骺核碎裂,密度增高及半脱位,可负重,定期复查。结果所有患儿在最终复查时均无症状,活动不受限。X 线表现为骺核逐渐增大、融合,股骨头骺表现为球形或接近球形的轮廓 ( Stulberg I 型和 II 型 )。结论Meyer 发育不良发生率低,但是容易和 Perthes病 ( Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease,股骨头骨骺的缺血性坏死 ) 混淆。对于<5 岁、股骨头骺核出现延迟而小的病例,应考虑 Meyer 发育不良的可能。其最终预后良好,早期正确诊断,可避免不必要的治疗。

Meyer 发育不良;股骨头缺血坏死;儿童,学龄前 ( 2~5 );回顾性研究

Meyer 发育不良,即股骨头骺发育不良 ( dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris ),临床上报道很少。其主要表现是 X 线片上的股骨头骺不规则,但是患者并无典型临床表现和体征,而且病程短,预后良好。在临床上易与股骨头骨骺缺血性坏死 ( Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease,LCPD ) 相混淆,如果对本病认识不足,往往会导致过度诊治[1-4]。本研究回顾性分析我科自 2008 年至 2014 年,诊断为 Meyer 发育不良的 16 例 ( 22 髋 ) 的临床资料和治疗效果,现报道如下。

资料与方法

本组 16 例 ( 22 髋 ) 中,男∶女=15∶1。双侧发病的为 6 例 ( 38% )。就诊时平均年龄 3.1 ( 1.5~5 ) 岁,随访时间平均 2.8 ( 2~6 ) 年。诊断标准依据文献[1-6],确定为:( 1 ) 年龄<5 岁;( 2 ) 就诊时症状以轻微跛行或者髋关节轻微疼痛不适为主,经休息均自行缓解,症状消失;( 3 ) 活动不受限,查体无阳性体征;( 4 ) X 线检查见到股骨头骺小,骨性骺核出现延迟或分成数个,呈桑椹状或者表面不规则。但是没有软骨下骨折,没有骺核密度增高,没有髋关节半脱位;( 5 ) 如有 MRI,未见骺内异常信号;( 6 ) 无其它骨骺发育异常;( 7 ) 无内分泌异常。初次就诊后处理:观察,先免负重 3 个月再复查,复查时如果症状解除,X 线片上还是没有出现软骨下骨折,骺核碎裂,密度增高,半脱位的表现,可负重,定期复查。

结 果

所有患儿在最终复查时均无症状,活动不受限。X 线表现为骺核逐渐增大、融合,股骨头骺表现为球形或接近球形的轮廓 ( Stulberg I 型和 II 型 ) ( 图 1 )。

讨 论

Meyer[1]和 Pedersen[2]最早把 Meyer 发育不良从LCPD 之中鉴别出来。Pedersen[2]回顾分析了最初诊断为 LCPD 的 672 例患儿资料,其中有 42 例 ( 6% )并不典型,最终诊断为 Meyer 发育不良。Meyer[1]最初诊断的 10% LCPD 患儿是股骨头骺的发育不良而非真正的股骨头骺缺血坏死,并指出 Meyer 发育不良常见于男孩,常在 5 岁以前发病,与 LCPD 比较,双侧发病更常见。

在 X 线片上,Meyer 发育不良的股骨头骺的二次骨化中心常延迟至 1.5~3 岁出现或分成数个,呈桑椹状或者表面不规则,融合较晚。即便分成数个股骨头骺二次骨化中心,但是所有的骨化中心都随年龄而增大。

目前 Meyer 发育不良的发病原因并不明确,文献中提到的两种可能性:先天性血管异常 ( Batory[7])和缺血假说 ( Meyer[1]) 均缺乏科学支持。1 例 4 岁Meyer 发育不良的患儿血管造影未显示异常、头软骨无畸形、骨扫描正常、MRI 显示正常骨质信号。曾有报道称 Meyer 发育不良的患儿骨扫描正常,核素血管相、血池相和标准骨增强延迟相均正常,据此缺血假说可被排除[5]。

图 1 a~b:患者,男,1 岁半,因跛行 3 天就诊,后症状消除。X 线显示右侧股骨头骺二次骨化中心小,嘱减少跑跳活动,术后 3 个月复查;c:术后 3 个月,无不适主诉,查体活动不受限。X 线表现:股骨头骺二次骨化中心增大,分成两个,呈桑椹样;d:术后 2 年复查,活动正常,X 线片显示双侧股骨头对称Fig.1 a - b: A 19-month boy complained with limp for 3 days, then the symptoms got resolved. The X-ray showed the small ossification center of the femoral head. It was suggested that running and jumping should be decreased, and the boy got followed up 3 months later; c: Three months later, the boy had no complaints and his motion was normal. The X-ray showed increased ossif i cation center of the femoral head, and became 2 parts as“mulberry”; d: The boy was followed up 2 years later. His motion was normal and the X-ray showed no difference between bilateral hips

Harel 等[5]在 1999 年报道了 5 例 Meyer 发育不良,其中 2 例最初诊断为急性骨髓炎,3 例最初诊断为 LCPD,但经过 X 线检查、骨扫描和髋关节的 MRI 检查之后,这 5 例最终诊断为 Meyer 发育不良,未经治疗,在休息 1~3 周之后,症状完全消除。Khermosh 等[8]在 1991 年报道了 18 例诊断为Meyer 发育不良的患儿,其中半数是双侧受累,男女比例是 5∶1,在最初就诊的 X 线片上都表现为股骨头骺二次骨化中心的延迟出现和不规则,平均在随访到年龄至 5 岁半时,骨化中心都基本正常。Sun等[9]比较了 8 例确诊为 Meyer 发育不良儿童的骨龄与其发病年龄相匹配的 8 例 LCPD 患儿的骨龄,在确定腕骨和尺桡骨骺骨龄之后,随访至少 2 年。使用散点线趋势分析两者的骨龄和恢复类型的不同,结果发现两者均骨龄延迟,但是 Meyer 发育不良的尺桡骨远端骨骺骨龄显著低于 LCPD,意味着 Meyer发育不良患儿的骨龄相对更小,应用尺桡骨龄分析可区别。Muzaffar 等[6]回顾性分析了最初诊断为LCPD 的 178 例患者的临床资料和影像学特点,认为其中 9 例应该诊断为 Meyer 发育不良,这 9 例中除了 2 例股骨头骺高度最终轻度降低以外,其余 7 例都完全正常。

本组患儿都是因为临床上出现轻微症状而就诊,如跛行、患肢不敢负重,如行 X 线检查,可以发现股骨头骺二次骨化中心延迟或分成数个或者表面不规则。但是没有股骨头骺碎裂、高度降低等 LCPD 的特征性表现,在曾行 MRI 检查的部分病例中,股骨头骺内并没有见到异常信号。在随后的复查中,可以观察到患儿临床症状多在 2 周左右解除,影像学上股骨头骺逐渐增大,融合,直至正常大小,股骨头和髋臼的相对关系一直保持正常,没有出现髋关节脱位或者半脱位。

本组男∶女为 5∶1,就诊平均年龄为 3.1 岁,考虑到在门诊中,如果这个年龄段的患儿没有外伤史,出现跛行、不愿负重,但是体温正常、体格检查未见异常、未触及红肿热痛、活动不受限,多会考虑髋关节一过性滑膜炎,而嘱严密观察,不要负重,如果 1 周后症状消除,则不行 X 线检查,所以Meyer 发育不良的发生率有可能会高于现状[10-11]。

了解 Meyer 发育不良的重要意义在于和 LCPD鉴别,避免过度诊治[12-13]。在初次接诊时,如果诊断是 Meyer 发育不良,给予的处理是:观察,先免负重 3 个月再复查,复查时如果症状解除,没有阳性体征,X 线片上还是没有出现软骨下骨折,骺核碎裂,密度增高,半脱位的表现,可负重,定期复查。如果将 Meyer 发育不良诊断为 LCPD,会人为的延长治疗时间,可能会给予不恰当的治疗方法,给患儿及其家人带来的身心压力也不容忽视。

[1] Meyer J. Dysplasta epiphysealis capitis femoris. A clinicalradiological syndrome and its relationship to Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. Acta Orthop Scand, 1964, 34:183-197.

[2] Pedersen EK. Dysplasia epiphysialis capitis femoris[J]. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 1960, 42:663.

[3] Kitoh H, Kitakoji T, Katoh M, et al. Delayed ossification of the proximal capital femoral epiphysis in Legg-Calvé-Perthes’disease[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2003, 85(1):121-124.

[4] Rowe SM, Chung JY, Moon ES, et al. Dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris, meyer dysplasia[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2005, 25:18-21.

[5] Harel L, Kornreich L, Ashkenazi S, et al. Meyer dysplasia in the differential diagnosis of hip disease in young children[J]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1999, 153:915-945.

[6] Muzaffar N, Song HR, Devmurari K, et al. Meyer’s dysplasia: delayed ossification of the femoral head as a differential diagnosis in perthes’ disease[J]. Acta Orthop Belg, 2010, 76:608-612.

[7] Batory I. Dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris oiler primare hypoplastische gefassentwicklung der proximalen femurepiphyse[J]. Z Orthop, 1982, 120:177-190.

[8] Khermosh O, Wientroub S. Dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1991, 73:621-625.

[9] Sun XT, Easwar TR, Cielo B, et al. Comparison of bone age delay and recovery in Meyer dysplasia and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: a pilot study[J]. J Orthop Sci, 2010, 15:746-752.

[10] Cook PC. Transient synovitis, septic hip, and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: an approach to the correct diagnosis[J]. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2014, 61(6):1109-1118.

[11] Shah H. Perthes disease: evaluation and management[J]. Orthop Clin North Am, 2014, 45(1):87-97.

[12] Guerado E, Caso E. The physiopathology of avascular necrosis of the femoral head: an update[J]. Injury, 2016, 47(Suppl 6): S16-26.

[13] Ibrahim T, Little DG. The pathogenesis and treatment of leggcalvé-perthes disease[J]. JBJS Rev, 2016, 4(7).

( 本文编辑:李慧文 )

A retrospective study of clinical characteristics and curative results of 16 children with Meyer dysplasia


FU Gang, WANG Yu-kun, ZHANG Jian-li, ZHU Zhen-hua, GUO Yuan. Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China

ObjectiveTo retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and curative results of 16 children with Meyer dysplasia.MethodsFrom 2008 to 2014, 16 children ( 22 hips ) with Meyer dysplasia were treated in our hospital, whose clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. There was 1 female and 15 male patients in the study, including 6 patients ( 38% ) with both sides affected. Their mean age was 3.1 years old ( range: 1.5 - 5 years ) at the fi rst hospital visit. They were followed up for a mean period of 2.8 years ( range: 2 - 6 years ). The diagnosis criteria were: ( 1 ) Younger than 5 years; ( 2 ) The clinical symptoms were mild pain and limping at the fi rst hospital visit, and the symptoms got resolved after rest; ( 3 ) There was no or only mild limitation in hip motion, and the physical examination showed positive signs; ( 4 ) The X-ray showed smaller or delayed ossif i cation centers in the proximal femoral epiphysis, or a small epiphyseal nucleus composed of multiple independent bony foci, but no subchondral fracture, epiphysis condensation or subluxation of hip; ( 5 ) No abnormal fi nding in MRI; ( 6 ) The other skeleton dysplasia was excluded; ( 7 ) No congenital metabolic abnormality. After the fi rst hospital visit, the treatment of all children was observation only with no weight-bearing for 3 months. During the follow-up after 3 months, if the clinical symptoms got resolved, and the X-ray did not show subchondral fracture, epiphysis fragmentation or condensation, or subluxation, the children were allowed to weight-bearing, and had regular follow-up.ResultsAll children had no symptom and no motion limitation at the latest follow-up. The X-ray showed proximal femoral epiphysis became enlarged and gradual recovery to a normal or nearly normal contour of the femoral head ( class I and II in Stulberg classification ).ConclusionsMeyer dysplasia is a rare condition, but could be easily mistaken with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease ( LCPD ), leading to unnecessary diagnostic procedures and treatments. To those with smaller or delayed ossif i cation centers in the proximal femoral epiphysis and younger than 5 years, Meyer dysplasia should be considered. For favorable prognosis, an early and correct diagnosis should be made, so as to avoid unnecessary treatments.

Meyer dysplasia; Perthes disease; Child, pre ( 2 - 5 ); Retrospective studies

10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2017.06.012

R684

作者单位:100035 北京积水潭医院小儿骨科

2017-03-27 )

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