Ⅲ级睡眠呼吸监测设备在住院心血管疾病患者中监测的准确性评价
2017-06-05王玲章佳伟黄碧霞王锐罗建方陈纪言
王玲,章佳伟,黄碧霞,王锐,罗建方,陈纪言
Ⅲ级睡眠呼吸监测设备在住院心血管疾病患者中监测的准确性评价
王玲,章佳伟*,黄碧霞,王锐,罗建方,陈纪言
目的:评价Ⅲ级便携式睡眠呼吸监测设备(PM)在住院心血管疾病(CVD)患者中对睡眠呼吸暂停(SA)监测的准确性及应用价值。
方法:入选101例住院CVD患者,分别应用Ⅱ级多导睡眠呼吸监测设备(PSG)与Ⅲ级PM进行睡眠呼吸监测,比较两种监测设备的睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)结果。将AHI(单位:次/h)分为正常(AHI<5)、轻度(5≤AHI<15)、中度(15≤AHI<30)、重度(AHI≥30)4等级,计算Kendall相关系数、Kappa值,进行配对卡方检验。
结果:Ⅱ级PSG的AHI为(18.0±16.6)次/h,Ⅲ级PM的AHI为(18.6±17.4)次/h,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。AHI正常、轻度、中度、重度4等级,Kendall相关系数为0.701,P<0.01,呈强相关关系。一致性检验Kappa值为0.493,P<0.01,呈中等强度一致性。Ⅱ级PSG与Ⅲ级PM均以AHI≥15 次/h为诊断界值时一致性检验,Kappa值为0.679,P<0.05,呈高度一致性。以Ⅱ级PSG为标准作受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析,以AHI≥15 次/h为诊断界值时,Ⅲ级PM曲线下面积(AUC)为0.918,敏感度为80.4%,特异度为87.3%。Ⅲ级PM最佳诊断点为AHI=15.70次/h,此时约登指数最大,为0.695。
结论:对于住院CVD患者监测SA严重程度,Ⅲ级PM与Ⅱ级PSG相比,使用AHI≥15 次/h为诊断标准时一致性良好,具有较高的准确性。AHI=15.70 次/h为Ⅲ级PM诊断中重度SA的最佳截点。
睡眠呼吸暂停综合征;心血管疾病;睡眠呼吸监测
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2017,32:485.)
睡眠呼吸暂停(SA)与各种心血管疾病(CVD)发病和预后高度相关[1,2],及时识别CVD患者的SA合并情况并给予治疗有利于改善患者症状[3,4]。研究表明80%的SA患者被漏诊[5]。睡眠呼吸监测是诊断SA的重要手段。睡眠呼吸监测分为四个等级:I级多导睡眠呼吸监测设备(PSG), Ⅱ级PSG,Ⅲ级便携式睡眠呼吸监测设备(PM),Ⅳ级单或双生物参数持续记录[6],Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级可诊断SA,Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级可筛查诊断SA[7]。CVD患者多存在睡眠维持困难,应选择对睡眠影响小的监测方式[8],使用PSG费用较高、操作复杂并且佩戴可能给患者睡眠造成负担,可接受性较差[9],难以满足住院CVD患者临床诊断的需要,Ⅲ级PM具有经济、易操作、对睡眠影响小、可开展随访等特点。本研究拟优化住院CVD患者SA的诊断模式,评价住院CVD患者应用Ⅲ级PM诊断SA的准确性。
1 资料与方法
研究对象:选取2015-06到2016-02在广东省人民医院心内科住院患者135例,年龄18~75岁,均签署知情同意书并获伦理委员会批准。最终101例完成Ⅱ级PSG和Ⅲ级PM睡眠呼吸监测,男性89例,女性12例,年龄(52±13)岁,体重指数(26.5±3.8) kg/m2。排除标准:拒绝完成监测,电极脱落,实际睡眠时间<2 h。采用自身前后对照设计,随机安排每例患者Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级两种监测设备的佩戴顺序,监测间隔时间为1~7天。
睡眠呼吸监测设备:Ⅱ级PSG采用倍德公司生产的Ⅱ级设备Compumedics Somté V2,参数包括:脑电、颏肌电、眼电、心电图、口鼻气流、胸腹呼吸运动、脉搏氧饱和度,采用设备配套的Profusion PSG4软件判读睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)。Ⅲ级PM采用飞利浦公司生产的Ⅲ级设备Alice PDx,参数包括:口鼻气流、胸腹呼吸运动、脉搏氧饱和度、脉率,采用配套的飞利浦Sleepware软件判读AHI。
判读标准:根据美国睡眠医学会(AASM)2.1版判读手册规则判读AHI[9],将AHI(单位:次/h)分为正常(AHI<5)、轻度(5 ≤AHI<15)、中度(15≤AHI<30)、重度(AHI≥30)4等级。AHI≥15 次/h为中重度SA诊断标准。不判读呼吸努力相关性觉醒(RERA)。
统计学方法:采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件分析结果。正态分布计量资料采用均数±标准差表示,用配对t检验进行比较。以两种监测仪测量所得AHI为连续型变量,进行配对t检验、Pearson相关分析,绘制Bland-Altman图评价所得AHI的一致性。按AHI 4等级资料,计算Kendall相关系数、Kappa值,进行配对卡方检验。以AHI≥15 次/h为诊断标准,计算两种监测仪AHI一致性Kappa值,作配对卡方检验。以Ⅱ级PSG所得AHI≥15次/h为界值,作受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析计算Ⅲ级PM诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 101例患者两种设备主要监测指标比较(表1)
101例患者两种设备监测AHI、最低脉氧及中重度SA比例,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。总记录时间Ⅱ级PSG高于Ⅲ级PM(P<0.05)。
表1 101例患者两种设备主要监测指标比较
表1 101例患者两种设备主要监测指标比较
注: AHI: 睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数;SA: 睡眠呼吸暂停;PSG:多导睡眠呼吸监测设备;PM:便携式睡眠呼吸监测设备;REM:快速眼动睡眠期;-:未测
项目 Ⅱ级PSG Ⅲ级PM P值AHI (次/h) 18.0±16.6 18.6±17.4 0.516最低脉氧 (%) 87.7±5.8 87.7±6.2 0.950总记录时间 (min) 538.6±60.5 519.4±68.9 0.042睡眠时间 (min) 409.3±74.9 - -睡眠有效率 (%) 76.3±11.0 - -REM占总睡眠时间 (%) 10.7±3.3 - -中重度SA[例 (%)] 46 (45.5) 44 (43.6) 0.804
2.2 以AHI为连续型变量作一致性分析结果
Pearson相关分析,Ⅱ级PSG与Ⅲ级PM所得AHI呈强相关(r=0.838,P<0.05),总体符合度高(图1)。从Bland-Altman散点图可以看出(图2),Ⅱ级PSG和Ⅲ级PM AHI差值为(0.63±9.73)次/h,95%一致性界限为-18.4 ~19.7次/h。5.0%(5/101)的点在95%一致性界限以外;在95%一致性界限范围内,Ⅱ级PSG与Ⅲ级PM的AHI差值的绝对值最大为19.40次/h。
2.3 以AHI为等级资料作一致性分析结果
Ⅱ级PSG 、Ⅲ级PM按AHI正常、轻度、中度、重度4等级资料分类的人数分布情况见表2。Kendall相关系数为0.701,P<0.01,呈强相关关系。一致性检验Kappa值为0.493,P<0.01,呈中等强度一致性。配对卡方检验P=0.631,两者根据等级资料分类差异无统计学意义。
图1 两种设备AHI Pearson相关分析
图2 两种设备AHI Bland-Altman散点图
表2 两种设备按AHI正常、轻度、中度、重度4等级资料分类的人数分布情况(例)
2.4 以Ⅱ级PSG的AHI≥15 次/h为诊断临界值时Ⅲ级PM与Ⅱ级PSG一致性及诊断价值评价
Ⅱ级PSG和Ⅲ级PM均以AHI≥15 次/h作为诊断SA的标准时,符合率为84.2%[(48+37)/101],一致性检验 Kappa值为0.679(P<0.05),可认为Ⅱ级PSG、Ⅲ级PM AHI呈高度一致性(表3)。以Ⅱ级PSG AHI≥15 次/h为诊断标准作ROC曲线,Ⅲ级PM曲线下面积0.918(图3)。取AHI≥15 次/h为临界值时,敏感度为80.4%,特异度为87.3%,约登指数0.677,阳性似然比6.331,阴性似然比0.225(表4)。根据ROC曲线,当AHI取15.70 次/h时为最佳诊断截点,此时约登指数最大,为0.695。
表3 两种设备以AHI≥15 次/h为诊断临界值的人数分布(例)
图3 以Ⅱ级PSG AHI≥15 次/h作为诊断标准时Ⅲ级PM的受试者工作特征曲线
表4 以Ⅱ级PSG AHI≥15 次/h为诊断临界值Ⅲ级PM诊断方法参数比较
3 讨论
本研究通过比较Ⅲ级PM和Ⅱ级PSG所得AHI值,两种监测方式一致性较高,以Ⅱ级PSG为参照,取AHI≥15 次/h为临界值时Ⅲ级PM诊断的准确性良好,AHI=15.70 次/h为Ⅲ级PM诊断SA的最优截点。本研究中Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级监测仪AHI呈强相关性,差异性小,以Ⅱ级为对照标准计算Ⅲ级ROC曲线下面积为0.918,有较高的诊断价值。
分析Ⅱ级PSG与Ⅲ级PM 监测差异的可能原因包括:(1)根据AHI计算原理Ⅱ级PSG AHI结果更为准确[7],但研究中发现Ⅲ级PM结果有接近10%患者的AHI高于Ⅱ级PSG。Santos等[10]也同样发现Ⅲ级PM AHI可能比Ⅱ级PSG AHI更高。(2)部分患者认为Ⅱ级PSG比Ⅲ级PM监测干扰睡眠。表现为入睡困难、睡眠维持困难和睡眠效率降低[8]。Ⅱ级PSG在信号采集过程中还存在电极脱落、脑电伪迹、颏肌电伪迹、设备干扰等问题[10-13]。住院CVD患者睡眠障碍发生率高[14]。本研究中患者(52±13)岁,Ⅱ级PSG监测平均睡眠有效率为(76.3±11.0)%,快速眼动睡眠期(REM)占总睡眠时间为(10.7±3.3)%,REM减少可致REM相关SA事件减少[6]。(3)体位改变。Ⅲ级PM监测患者比Ⅱ级PSG仰卧位时间长仰卧位REM睡眠中呼吸事件可能增多[15-19]。(4)首夜效应是影响睡眠时间、睡眠结构的另一重要因素[20]。(5)不同设备传感器、技术员之间判读的准确性可能存在误差[21-23]。
RERA是睡眠呼吸紊乱指数(RDI)的组成部分,但《国际睡眠疾病分类》第3版中诊断SA应用AHI,RERA在中重度患者中所占比例少[24]。按AASM判读手册2.1版Ⅱ级PSG在判读SA时RERA不是必须判读指标[9]。根据本研究结果,Ⅲ级PM可能比Ⅱ级PSG记录到更加接近真实睡眠情况下的呼吸事件,如操作规范,选用适当的诊断界值,选用Ⅲ级PM有利于优化住院心血管疾病患者的SA筛查诊断。
结论:对于住院CVD患者监测SA严重程度,Ⅲ级PM(Philip Alice PDx)与Ⅱ级PSG(Compumedics Somté V2)相比较,使用AHI≥15次/h为诊断标准时一致性及准确性良好,AHI=15.70次/h为Ⅲ级PM诊断中重度SA的最优截点。
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Accuracy Assessment of Type III Portable Monitor of Sleep Apnea for In-hospital Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
WANG Ling, ZHANG Jia-wei, HUANG Bi-xia, WANG Rui, LUO Jian-fang, CHEN Ji-yan.
Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital, Guangzhou (510080), Guangdong, China
WANG Ling, Email: 13922711188@163.com
Objective: To assess the accuracy and application value of type III portable monitor (III PM) of sleep apnea (SA) for in-hospital patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).
��A total of 101 CVD patients
sleep apnea monitoring by both type II polysomnography ( II PSG) and III PM were enrolled to compare the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) measured by 2 instruments. AHI was assigned into 4 grades: Normal (AHI<5), Mild grade (5≤AHI<15), Moderate grade (15≤AHI<30) and Severe grade (AHI≥30). Kendall correlation coeff i cient and Kappa value were calculated, pair wise t test was conducted in relevant patients.
Results: II PSG and III PM measured AHI were (18.0±16.6) events/h and (18.6±17.4) events/h, P>0.05. Kendall correlation coeff i cient for 4 AHI grades was 0.701, P<0.01 which assumed strong correlation; Kappa value of consistency was 0.493, P<0.01 which assumed medium strong correlation. Using AHI≥15 as cut-off point, Kappa coefficient for the consistency between II PSG and III PM was 0.679, P<0.05, which meant high consistency. Taking II PSG as standard and AHI≥15 as cut-off point, the AUC of III PM measured AHI was 0.918 with the specif i city at 80.4% and sensitivity at 87.3%. The best diagnosing cut-off value of III PM was AHI=15.70, at this point, the maximum Youden’s index was obtained as 0.695.
Conclusion: Using AHI≥15 as standard, III PM and II PSG had the favorable consistency and accuracy for monitoring the severity of SA for in-hospital patients with cardiovascular disease. AHI=15.7 was the best cut-off point of III PM indiagnosing moderate and severe SA in relevant patients.
Sleep apnea Cardiovascular disease Syndrom; Sleep apnea monitoring
2016-08-01)
(编辑:王宝茹)
广东省科技计划资助项目(2014A020212637)
510080 广东省广州市,广东省人民医院(广东省医学科学院) 广东省心血管病研究所 广东省冠心病重点实验室 心内科(王玲、章佳伟、王锐、罗建方、陈纪言);中山大学公共卫生学院(黄碧霞)
王玲 副主任医师 博士 主要研究方向为心血管疾病与睡眠呼吸暂停 Email:13922711188@163.com 通讯作者:王玲*为共同第一作者
R54
A
1000-3614(2017)05-0485-04
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2017.05.015