无偿献血人群的中医体质状况研究
2017-05-24史会梅朱燕波张笑梅王鸿捷张伟东虞晓含
史会梅,朱燕波,张笑梅,王鸿捷,张伟东,虞晓含,鹿 佳,
·论著·
·专题研究·
无偿献血人群的中医体质状况研究
史会梅1,朱燕波2*,张笑梅2,王鸿捷3,张伟东3,虞晓含1,鹿 佳2,
索艳风2,李 桐2,李彦妮2,严 辉2,王乐融2,史穆然2
目的 探讨无偿献血对中医体质状况的影响。方法 采用方便抽样法,选取2015年7—11月北京市红十字血液中心献血小屋和采血车上的无偿献血者和非献血者。调查其一般资料和献血信息,并采用中医体质量表对其中医体质进行调查。结果 共发放问卷749份,回收725份,有效681份,有效回收率为90.92%。其中献血0次者167例、献血1~4次者296例、献血5~9次者102例、献血≥10次者116例。不同献血次数者平和质、气虚质、阳虚质、血瘀质、气郁质得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中献血1~4次者气虚质得分低于献血0次者;献血5~9次和≥10次者平和质得分高于献血0次者,气虚质、阳虚质得分低于献血0次者;献血≥10次者血瘀质、气郁质得分低于献血0次者和献血1~4次者(P<0.05)。男性不同献血次数者气郁质得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中献血≥10次者气郁质得分低于献血0次者(P<0.05)。女性不同献血次数者平和质、气虚质、阳虚质、痰湿质、湿热质、血瘀质、气郁质得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中献血5~9次者平和质得分高于献血0次者和献血1~4次者,气虚质、阳虚质、湿热质、血瘀质得分均低于献血0次者和献血1~4次者,气郁质得分低于献血0次者;献血≥10次者平和质得分高于献血0次者,气虚质、阳虚质、痰湿质、湿热质、气郁质得分低于献血0次者,痰湿质、气郁质得分低于献血1~4次者(P<0.05)。结论 无偿献血者体质得分状况优于非献血者,且献血次数较多者体质状况更好。另外,随着献血次数的增加,女性体质状况较男性好。
无偿献血;中医体质量表;平和质;气虚质
史会梅,朱燕波,张笑梅,等.无偿献血人群的中医体质状况研究[J].中国全科医学,2017,20(14):1729-1734.[www.chinagp.net]
SHI H M,ZHU Y B,ZHANG X M,et al.Traditional Chinese medicine constitution of unpaid blood donation population[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(14):1729-1734.
无偿献血是临床用血的重要来源。越来越多的研究表明定期适量献血有利于提高身体免疫力,延缓衰老,降低疾病风险,促进心理健康[1-3]。我国传统医学中无“献血”一词,但是放血疗法作为疾病治疗手段却源远流长,并流传至今。我国汉、藏、蒙、维、壮等民族均有各具特色的放血疗法[4]。该疗法通过出恶血、辟浊气、通经脉、调血气,改变气血运行不畅的状况,实现调整脏腑、经络、气血功能的作用[5]。现代研究也表明,放血疗法对疾病的治疗有效,有利于健康[6-7]。为从中医角度了解无偿献血对健康状况的改善,本研究通过比较不同献血次数人群中医体质得分,探索无偿献血是否对体质状况的改善有积极作用,以期为无偿献血是否有利于健康提供有力依据,促进我国无偿献血事业的发展。
1 对象与方法
1.1 调查对象 采用方便抽样法,选取2015年7—11月北京市红十字血液中心献血小屋和采血车上的无偿献血者和非献血者,非献血者来源于无偿献血者的陪同人员(从未献血)。同时结合网络调查(问卷星),并通过微信、微博等社交媒体进行宣传。纳入标准:年龄18~60岁;了解本研究内容与目的,并签署知情同意书;能够独立完成调查问卷。排除标准:精神疾病者;患有已确诊疾病者;因文化水平等原因不能很好理解调查问卷者。
共发放问卷749份,回收725份,剔除不合格问卷(填写不完整、存在逻辑错误等)44份,有效问卷681份,有效回收率为90.92%。其中无偿献血者514例,非献血者167例。
1.2 调查内容
1.2.1 一般资料调查 包括性别、年龄、文化水平、婚姻状况、吸烟习惯、饮酒习惯、运动习惯、睡眠时间等。
1.2.2 献血信息调查 包括献血量、献血类型等。献血次数根据献血量和献血类型进行转化:献血类型为全血,以200 ml献血量为1次;献血类型为成分血,以1单位机采血小板为1次,献血次数为献全血次数与成分血次数之和。
1.2.3 中医体质调查 采用中医体质量表[8]对中医体质进行调查,量表共包括60个条目,分为平和质、气虚质、阳虚质、阴虚质、痰湿质、湿热质、血瘀质、气郁质和特禀质9个亚量表。各亚量表计分:先将各亚量表条目得分相加计算原始分,转化分=(原始分-条目数)/(条目数×4)×100[9]。各条目得分范围为1~5分,各亚量表转化分范围为0~100分。
2 结果
2.1 一般资料 非献血者和无偿献血者运动习惯、睡眠时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);非献血者和无偿献血者性别、年龄、文化水平、婚姻状况、吸烟习惯、饮酒习惯比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表1)。
2.2 不同献血次数中医体质得分情况 不同献血次数者阴虚质、痰湿质、湿热质、特禀质得分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同献血次数者平和质、气虚质、阳虚质、血瘀质、气郁质得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中献血1~4次者气虚质得分低于献血0次者;献血5~9次和≥10次者平和质得分高于献血0次者,气虚质、阳虚质得分低于献血0次者;献血≥10次者血瘀质、气郁质得分低于献血0次者和献血1~4次者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表2)。
2.3 不同性别中医体质得分情况 男性不同献血次数者平和质、气虚质、阳虚质、阴虚质、痰湿质、湿热质、血瘀质、特禀质得分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同献血次数者气郁质得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中献血≥10次者气郁质得分低于献血0次者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表3)。女性不同献血次数者阴虚质、特禀质得分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同献血次数者平和质、气虚质、阳虚质、痰湿质、湿热质、血瘀质、气郁质得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中献血5~9次者平和质得分高于献血0次者和献血1~4次者,气虚质、阳虚质、湿热质、血瘀质得分低于献血0次者和献血1~4次者,气郁质得分低于献血0次者;献血≥10次者平和质得分高于献血0次者,气虚质、阳虚质、痰湿质、湿热质、气郁质得分低于献血0次者,痰湿质、气郁质得分低于献血1~4次者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表4)。
表1 非献血者和无偿献血者一般资料比较
Table1Comparisonofgeneraldatabetweennon-blooddonorsandblooddonors
资料非献血者(n=167)无偿献血者(n=514)检验统计量值P值性别〔n(%)〕49.73<0.001 男57(34.13)335(65.18) 女110(65.87)179(34.82)年龄(岁)25.9±7.929.0±8.8-4.38a<0.001文化水平〔n(%)〕-4.65b<0.001 初中及以下18(10.78)93(18.09) 高中及专科50(29.94)226(43.97) 本科及以上99(59.28)195(37.94)婚姻状况〔n(%)〕23.84<0.001 未婚126(75.45)284(55.25) 已婚41(24.55)212(41.25) 其他018(3.50)吸烟习惯〔n(%)〕28.67<0.001 现在吸21(12.57)157(30.54) 以前吸7(4.19)45(8.76) 从不吸烟139(83.24)312(60.70)饮酒习惯〔n(%)〕24.16<0.001 现在喝44(26.35)245(47.67) 以前喝13(7.78)36(7.00) 从不饮酒110(65.87)233(45.33)运动习惯〔n(%)〕-0.95b0.342 经常运动50(29.94)191(37.16) 有时运动74(44.31)185(35.99) 不太运动43(25.75)138(26.85)睡眠时间(h)7.4±1.17.3±1.01.41a0.159
注:a为t值,b为U值,余检验统计量值为χ2值
表2 不同献血次数者中医体质得分比较(最小二乘均值±标准差,分)
注:与献血0次比较,aP<0.05;与献血1~4次比较,bP<0.05
表3 男性不同献血次数者中医体质得分比较(最小二乘均值±标准差,分)
注:与献血0次比较,aP<0.05
表4 女性不同献血次数者中医体质得分比较(最小二乘均值±标准差,分)
注:与献血0次比较,aP<0.05;与献血1~4次比较,bP<0.05
3 讨论
我国临床用血需求越来越大,输血对患者的健康甚至生命均有重要意义。如何加强无偿献血的宣传,招募更多无偿献血志愿者,尤其是固定的无偿献血志愿者的招募,是相关工作人员所重点关注的问题[12-14]。当前无偿献血的宣传口号集中于利他、奉献、无损于健康,加上人们对献血知识的认知有限,我国的无偿献血量远不能满足临床需求。本研究从中医体质的角度,探索无偿献血是否有益于自身健康。
张桂英等[15]研究发现,献全血200~400 ml时,血流变检测未发现变化;献全血800~1 200 ml时,血细胞比容发生明显变化;当反复献血时,全血黏度、血浆黏度、血细胞比容、红细胞电泳指数、纤维蛋白原等指标均明显降低(在参考范围内)。曾凤芹等[16]研究也表明,献血次数越多,脑血管疾病发病率越低,非献血者脑血管疾病发病率明显高于献血者。本研究结果显示,献血1~4次者气虚质得分低于献血0次者;献血5~9次者平和质得分高于献血0次者,气虚质和阳虚质得分低于献血0次者;献血≥10次者平和质得分高于献血0次者,气虚质、阳虚质、血瘀质和气郁质得分低于献血0次者,血瘀质、气郁质得分低于献血1~4次者。提示无偿献血≥10次者平和质得分较高,气虚质、阳虚质、血瘀质和气郁质得分较低。
对于女性而言,献血5~9次者与献血0次者及献血1~4次者相比,平和质得分较高,气虚质、阳虚质、湿热质、血瘀质和气郁质得分较低。献血≥10次者与献血0次者相比,平和质得分较高,气虚质、阳虚质、痰湿质、湿热质和气郁质得分较低;与献血1~4次者相比,痰湿质和气郁质得分较低。对于男性而言,仅献血≥10次者气郁质得分低于献血0次者。提示无偿献血对女性体质状况的改善较男性更明显。可能是由于女性月经期间少量失血,反复刺激其骨髓干细胞,身体对少量失血的适应性更强,多次或定期适量献血时,其健康状况改善会更好。
男性无偿献血者明显多于女性[17-19]。有研究认为,身体内铁含量超过参考范围上限10%易患癌症,女性经期由于流血现象,会损失大量铁,因而鼓励男性更应该无偿献血[20]。女性有经期、妊娠期、哺乳期等特殊生理特征以及女性更加胆怯等原因影响女性无偿献血积极性。但也有研究发现,女性血液检测合格率高于男性[21-22]。面对我国无偿献血量无法满足临床用血需求的现状,进一步探索无偿献血是否对女性的体质与健康状况改善效果明显,研究其形成的原因及机制,加大对女性无偿献血者的宣传与招募,可能是提高献血量的一个有效途径。
综上所述,无偿献血者的中医体质状况优于非献血者,献血次数较多者的体质状况较献血次数较少者更好,主要是平和质、气虚质、阳虚质、血瘀质和气郁质的状况较好,并且献血次数较多对女性体质状况的改善效果更加明显。这为无偿献血有益于自身健康提供了依据,有利于发展更多的、固定的无偿献血志愿者,为临床用血需求及临床用血安全提供保障。
本研究存在一定的局限性。首先,样本量较小,可能影响研究结果的稳定性,今后需要扩大样本量进行验证。其次,由于采用方便抽样法,纳入的样本存在一定的偏倚,代表性不足。最后,本研究为横断面调查研究,无法做出因果推断,今后需要开展更多的队列研究进行长期跟踪调查。
本研究背景:
近年来不断有研究显示,无偿献血不仅无害于健康,而且可能对健康有一定的促进作用。基于此,本研究对不同献血次数的无偿献血者进行中医体质调查,分析无偿献血者的中医体质状况,从中医角度探索无偿献血是否有益于健康,以期为无偿献血事业的发展做出贡献。
作者贡献:史会梅、朱燕波进行文章的构思与设计;史会梅、朱燕波、张笑梅、王鸿捷、张伟东、虞晓含进行研究的实施与可行性分析;史会梅、张笑梅、虞晓含、鹿佳、索艳风、李桐、李彦妮、严辉、王乐融、史穆然进行数据收集;史会梅、朱燕波、张笑梅、虞晓含、鹿佳、索艳风、李桐、李彦妮、严辉进行数据整理;史会梅、朱燕波、张笑梅、虞晓含进行统计学处理、结果的分析与解释、负责文章的质量控制及审校;史会梅撰写论文;史会梅、朱燕波、虞晓含、鹿佳、索艳风、李桐、李彦妮、严辉、王乐融、史穆然进行论文修订;朱燕波对文章整理负责,监督管理。
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(本文编辑:贾萌萌)
Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution of Unpaid Blood Donation Population
SHIHui-mei1,ZHUYan-bo2*,ZHANGXiao-mei2,WANGHong-jie3,ZHANGWei-dong3,YUXiao-han1,LUJia2,SUOYan-feng2,LITong2,LIYan-ni2,YANHui2,WANGLe-rong2,SHIMu-ran2
1.SchoolofBasicMedicalScience,BeijingUniversityofChineseMedicine,Beijing100029,China2.SchoolofManagement,BeijingUniversityofChineseMedicine,Beijing100029,China3.BeijingRedCrossBloodCenter,Beijing100088,China
*Correspondingauthor:ZHUYan-bo,Professor,Doctoralsupervisor;E-mail:yanbo0722@sina.com
Objective To explore the effect of unpaid blood donation on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitution.Methods The unpaid blood donors and their companions in the blood donation house and vehicle of Beijing Red Cross Blood Center from July to November 2015 were selected by convenient sampling method.Their general information and blood donation information were investigated,and the Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire was used to investigate their constitution of Chinese medicine.Results A total of 749 questionnaires were sent out,725 were acquired and 681 were valid.The effective response rate was 90.92%.There were 167 non-blood donors,and 514 blood donors,of which 296 had a blood donation of 1 to 4 times,102 had a blood donation of 5 to 9 times,and 116 had a blood donation ≥10 times.There were significant differences in the scores of gentleness constitution,and qi-deficiency constitution,yang-deficiency constitution,blood-stasis constitution,and qi-depression constitution among blood donors of different donating times(P<0.05);the scores of qi-deficiency constitution among blood donors with a donation of 1 to 4 times was lower than that of non-blood donors;the scores of gentleness constitution among blood donors with a donation of 5 to 9 times and ≥10 times was higher than that of non-blood donors,while their scores of qi-deficiency constitution and yang-deficiency constitution were lower than that of non-blood donors;the scores of blood-stasis constitution,qi-depression constitution of blood donors with a donation ≥10 times were lower than that of non-blood donors and the blood donors with a donation of 1 to 4 times (P<0.05).The scores of qi-depression constitution were significantly different in males of different donating times,and among them,the scores of qi-depression constitution of blood donors with a donation ≥10 times was lower than that of non-blood donors(P<0.05).There were significant differences in the scores of gentleness constitution,qi-deficiency constitution,yang-deficiency constitution,phlegm-dampness constitution,dampness-heat constitution,blood-stasis constitution,and qi-depression constitution among females of different donating times (P<0.05);among them,the scores of gentleness constitution of blood donors with a donation of 5 to 9 times was higher than that of non-blood donors and blood donors with a donation of 1 to 4 times,their scores of qi-deficiency constitution,yang-deficiency constitution,dampness-heat constitution,and blood-stasis constitution were all lower than those of non-blood donors and blood donors with a donation of 1 to 4 times,and their scores of qi-depression constitution was lower than that of non-blood donors(P<0.05).The score of gentleness constitution of blood donors with a donation ≥10 times was higher than that of non-blood donors,their scores of qi-deficiency constitution,yang-deficiency constitution,phlegm-dampness constitution,dampness-heat constitution,and qi-depression constitution were lower than that of non-blood donors,and their scores of phlegm-dampness constitution and qi-depression constitution were lower than that of blood donors with a donation of 1 to 4 times(P<0.05).Conclusion The constitution status of blood donors is better than that of non-blood donors,and the more donating times they have,the better constitution they are in.Especially the donors who donated more times.In addition,with an increasing number of blood donation,the constitution of females will be better than that of the males.
Unpaid blood donation;Constitution in Chinese medicine questionnaire;Gentleness constitution;Qi-deficiency constitution
科技部基础性工作专项(2013FY114400-5)
R 19
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.14.016
2016-12-29;
2017-03-03)
1.100029北京市,北京中医药大学中医学院
2.100029北京市,北京中医药大学管理学院
3.100088北京市红十字血液中心
*通信作者:朱燕波,教授,博士生导师;E-mail:yanbo0722@sina.com