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胰岛素样生长因子1受体在胰腺癌治疗中的机制及进展

2017-04-24王悦超亓文骞

临床肝胆病杂志 2017年4期
关键词:信号转导激酶胰腺癌

王悦超, 亓文骞, 赵 平

(吉林大学中日联谊医院 消化内科, 长春 130000)

胰岛素样生长因子1受体在胰腺癌治疗中的机制及进展

王悦超, 亓文骞, 赵 平

(吉林大学中日联谊医院 消化内科, 长春 130000)

胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)1受体(IGF-1R)广泛存在于多种类型的细胞表面,与肿瘤细胞的形成、发展密切相关,也为肿瘤的靶向治疗提供了新的方向。对IGF-1R在胰腺癌中的表达、发生、发展以及IGF-1R作为靶点治疗肿瘤的进展作一综述。

受体, IGF 1型; 胰腺肿瘤; 综述

胰腺癌主要来源于胰腺导管上皮细胞,其起病隐匿,临床症状出现晚,早期诊断困难,恶性度高,预后差。胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factors,IGF)家族是由具有2种同源氨基酸的低分子多肽(IGF-1、IGF-2)、2类特异性受体(IGF-1R、IGF-2R)以及6种结合蛋白组成[1]。有关研究[2]发现IGF-1R与胰腺癌及肝癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、妇科肿瘤等均具有一定相关性。IGFs在肿瘤细胞恶性表达中有明显的增殖[3]。其中,IGF-1R相关的信号转导通路在肿瘤的形成、发展中起着关键作用[4]。而以IGF-1R为靶标的治疗,可延缓恶性肿瘤细胞的生长转移,增加恶性肿瘤对化疗的敏感性,为潜在靶向治疗肿瘤寻求明确方向。同时,也有研究[5]表明,IGF-1R对相关恶性肿瘤的早期诊断有一定帮助。

1 IGF-1R的结构及信号传导通路

1986年,IGF-1R基因序列首次通过克隆获得。IGF-1R是一种跨膜四聚体,由2个位于细胞外的α亚基和2个位于细胞内的β亚基通过二硫键连接而成。β亚基位具有酪氨酸激酶活性,通过催化其磷酸化位点磷酸化,可引起相应的细胞内信号转导和转化[6]。

能够与IGF-1R结合的配体有IGF-1和IGF-2,通过与其配体结合,可启动2条信号转导途径:有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路和磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase,PI3K)/丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Serine threonine protein kinase,AKT)通路(图1)。MAPK通路在导致细胞增殖方面发挥重要作用,可被成倍增加的致癌性物质(Ras、Raf等)激活,使参与细胞增殖的靶基因相继启动,发挥促进细胞增殖及浸润的效应。具体过程为:当IGF-1R与其配体结合后,结构被破坏,β亚基裸露,激活酪氨酸激酶,使配体本身磷酸化,形成由胰岛素受体底物、鸟氨酸交换因子及生长因子结合蛋白-2等组成的复合物。该激活物能激活MAPK/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK),ERK将信号传递到细胞核内,从而启动有丝分裂。同时,磷酸化的胰岛素受体底物通过激活PIP3激酶启动PI3K/AKT通路,传递细胞生长信号,发挥抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用。此外,IGF-1R信号转导通路还与表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptor,EGF)1R、EGF-2R和血管生长因子等共享下游信号通路,相互影响[7-8]。因此,IGF-1R被认为是治疗肿瘤的有效靶点。

图1 IGF-1R信号转导通路 MEK,MAPK激酶;mTOR,哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白;→表示激活

2 IGF-1R与胰腺癌发生、发展的关系

IGF-1R存在于多种细胞表面,可以通过促进细胞有丝分裂,促进蛋白质及核糖核酸的合成代谢,从而进一步参与细胞的转化、增殖等过程。目前大量研究[9-13]表明,IGF-1R在胰腺癌、肝癌、胃肠道肿瘤、肺癌、前列腺癌及宫颈癌等中均呈高表达,且与肿瘤的发生、发展、浸润、转移及生存率均有一定关系。在胰腺癌组织,IGF-1R水平明显高于正常组织,且与年龄、性别无关,与肿瘤的分化程度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期预后有关,因此IGF-1R可作为胰腺癌预后的判断指标及药物治疗的靶点[14]。

2.1 IGF-1R与胰腺癌的发生 目前研究发现与胰腺癌发生发展相关的主要信号通路包括:MAPK、Wnt、Notch、Hedgehog以及PI3K/AKT信号通路。其中IGF-1R介导的2条信号通路(MAPK及PI3K/AKT通路)发挥重要作用。有研究[15]表明,在正常胰腺组织中PI3K/AKT信号通路处于活化状态,一旦IGF-1R高表达,该通路被过度激活将可能导致胰腺癌的发生。在胰腺癌中,K-Ras的突变发生率较高,其促进胰腺癌形成的机制就是通过IGF-1R介导的MAPK信号转导通路来实现的[16]。近年来关于胰腺癌的研究还发现热休克蛋白(heat shock protein,HSP)、miRNA等均可通过IGF-1R的信号转导通路参与肿瘤细胞的发生发展。HSP90在多种肿瘤中高表达[17]。研究[18]表明,当HSP90被抑制时,依赖于HSP90的IGF-1R降解,PI3K/AKT和 Raf/ERK信号通路失活。因此,HSP90在胰腺癌中的作用机制之一就是保护IGF-1R的活性和稳定性,借助IGF-1R下游的信号通路发挥促肿瘤生成及增殖的作用[19]。miRNA是一类长约22个核苷酸的非编码单链小分子RNA,在肿瘤的发生、发展、增殖及转移中发挥重要作用。目前研究[20]发现miR-497在胰腺组织中显著下调,而IGF-1R被认为是miR-497的靶标,下调的miR-497通过上调IGF-1R激活AKT通路,进而参与胰腺癌的发生发展。

2.2 IGF-1R与胰腺癌的增殖及浸润转移 IGF-1R主要通过协同血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)发挥抗肿瘤细胞凋亡,促进肿瘤细胞增殖及浸润的作用。VEGF在肿瘤细胞增殖、转移过程中起重要作用。有研究[21]指出IGF-1R主要通过上调VEGF的表达来促进血管生成,加速胰腺癌细胞的转移。VEGF-C是VEGF家族中首要的致淋巴管生长的因子,在子宫内膜癌中发现IGF-1R的过表达与转移发生密切相关,VEGF-C的表达与淋巴结转移显著相关,并提示其转移可能与IGF-1R调节VEGF-C表达有关[22]。关于VEGF-C和IGF-1R在胰腺癌中表达的相关性,有研究[23]表明IGF-1R是VEGF-C的正调控因子,可诱导VEGF-C的合成,促进胰腺癌淋巴结转移。另外,IGF-1R也可通过上调基质金属蛋白酶(matrixmetalloproteinases,MMP)2促进肿瘤浸润转移,后者被认为是肿瘤浸润和转移过程中最主要的蛋白水解酶之一。Lee等[24]发现IGF-1与IGF-1R结合后,可激活PI3K/AKT信号通路,使MMP-2表达增加,从而促进肿瘤的侵袭、转移。IGF-1R信号转导还可以改变细胞黏附性使细胞恶性化生长[25]。

3 IGF-1R与胰腺癌治疗的研究进展

由IGF-1R介导的信号转导通路不仅与胰腺癌的发生发展有关,也在肿瘤的浸润、转移过程起作用。因此,以IGF-1R信号通路为靶点的研究,如小分子IGF-1R抑制剂、IGF-1R单克隆抗体及反义寡核苷酸等,可正确高效地治疗肿瘤,明显改善肿瘤患者的预后,为胰腺癌的靶向治疗提供了新的思路。

3.1 小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 近年来,对小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究较多,其可通过阻止激酶或底物结合位点,抑制酪氨酸激酶激活。IGF-1R的自分泌活性可影响胰腺中VEGF的表达,因此小分子IGF-1R抑制剂可有效的减小胰腺肿瘤细胞的体积、质量、肿瘤血管生成及转移[26]。如OSI-906,是一种新型的小分子IGF-1R抑制剂,可阻断IGF-1R的2条信号转导通路,抑制IGF-1R的自身磷酸化及下游信号的转导[27-28];BMS-554417为苯并咪唑吡啶类化合物,可通过降低AKT的磷酸化活性,阻断PI3K/AKT通路,抑制IGF-1R的活性,延缓肿瘤细胞的恶性增殖[29];去甲二氢愈创木酚,是从植物中提取出来的一种多酚类物质,对IGF-1R和HER2受体均有抑制作用,在胰腺癌、乳腺癌和肺癌中发挥抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的作用[30];NVP-ADW742为吡咯并嘧啶类化合物,可增加肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性[31]。

3.2 IGF-1R单克隆抗体 IGF-1R单克隆抗体可竞争性的抑制IGF-1与IGF-1R结合,进而阻断受体的信号转导通路[32]。相关药物均处于基础或临床试验阶段[33]。

3.2.1 Cixutumumab(IMC-A12) IMC-A12是抗IGF-1R的单克隆IgG1抗体,可诱导肿瘤细胞停滞在G0~G1期,使肿瘤细胞生长增殖受阻;IMC-A12还可作用于肌动蛋白纤维,抑制细胞运动,防止肿瘤转移和扩散。但IMC-A12可引起高血糖症,为IGF-1R单抗的常见副反应[34-35]。

3.2.2 Ganitumab(AMG479) AMG479可特异性干扰IGF-1和IGF-2与配体结合,并且与胰岛素受体不发生交叉反应,现已进入临床试验阶段[36]。

3.3 靶向IGF-1R的反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligocleoxyndeotides,ASODN) 1978年,Stephenson和Zamecnick首次提出了ASODN抑制基因表达的概念。ASODN可通过Watson-Crick碱基配对原理与mRNA的碱基对互补结合阻止其翻译成蛋白质[37]。ASODN可抑制人胰腺癌细胞系PC-3的生长,使肿瘤细胞更易凋亡[38]。王芝艳等[39]研究证实,ASODN通过抑制mRNA和蛋白质的表达抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,该抑制作用呈剂量依赖关系。ASODN也可以增加肿瘤对化疗药物的敏感性。3.4 miRNA(microRNA) miRNA是指与被调控的RNA或DNA互补的小分子RNA,经碱基互补配对与目标mRNA或DNA形成双链复合物,影响转录、翻译等过程。特异性miR-122在肝细胞常过表达,其丢失能促进细胞恶性表型形成。外源性miR-122经靶向编码IGF-1R基因,可引起IGF-1R基因沉默,阻断IGF-1R下游的PI3K、MAPK信号通路,是一种具有应用前景的抗癌治疗方案[40]。

4 结语

IGF-1R通过多个信号转导通路参与胰腺癌、肝癌、肺癌等肿瘤细胞的生成和转移,决定了其在肿瘤诊断及治疗中的重要地位。通过小分子抑制剂、单克隆抗体、反义寡核苷酸及RNA干扰等药物干预IGF-1R介导的信号通路及下游通路的传导,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。目前,IGF-1R在各种分子干扰治疗中的最关键靶标尚有待明确,且关于探索与IGF-1R相关的靶向治疗药物、传统化疗药物以及其他信号通路阻断剂的联合应用,给药顺序,适用的治疗人群以及临床使用的安全性等问题均需要开展更多的临床试验。IGF-1R通路与肿瘤的关系日益成为基础及临床工作者研究的焦点,相信随着研究的不断深入,IGF-1R作为临床靶向治疗将有着更广阔的前景。

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引证本文:WANG YC, QI WQ, ZHAO P. Research advances in insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in pancreatic cancer[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(4): 790-794. (in Chinese) 王悦超, 亓文骞, 赵平. 胰岛素样生长因子1受体在胰腺癌治疗中的机制及进展[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2017, 33(4): 790-794.

(本文编辑:邢翔宇)

Research advances in insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in pancreatic cancer

WANGYuechao,QIWenqian,ZHAOPing.

(DepartmentofGastroenterology,China-JapanUnionHospitalofJilinUniversity,Changchun130000,China)

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) widely exists in the surface of various types of cells and is closely associated with the formation and development of tumor cells. It also provides a new direction for the targeted therapy for tumors. This article reviews the expression, development, and progression of IGF-1R in pancreatic cancer and research advances in IGF-1R as a target for tumor treatment.

receptor, IGF type 1; pancreatic neoplasms; review

10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.04.043

2017-01-13;

2017-02-07。

王悦超(1990-),女,主要从事消化内科肿瘤的研究;亓文骞(1985-),女,主治医师,博士,主要从事消化内科方面的研究。二者对本文贡献相同,同为第一作者。

赵平,电子信箱:drzhaoping@163.com。

R735.9

A

1001-5256(2017)04-0790-05

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