定语从句的关系词

吴静

关系词是定语从句的核心。同学们往往容易在关系词的选择上出错，针对这种情况，笔者归纳了不同的关系词的区别，帮助同学们克服这一困难。

[五组易混关系代词用法辨析]

1. 只用that不用which的情况

先行词是all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时。如：I refuse to accept the blame for something that was his fault.

先行词被the only，any，few，no，very等修饰时。如：Australia is the only country that is also a continent.

先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词，或被形容词的最高级、序数词修饰时。如：This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.

先行词人、物并用时。如：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about？

主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。如：Which is the bike that you lost？

先行词在主句中作表语， 而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如：Shandong is no longer the province that it used to be.

2. 只用which不用that的情况

关系代词前有介词时。如：Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born？

引導非限制性定语从句时。如：As a child， Jack studied in a village school， which is named after his grandfather.

先行词为that/those时。如：Whats that which was put in the car？

which用作定语时。如：He may be late， in which case we ought to wait for him.

3. the same ... as ... 与the same ... that ...

the same ... as表示相似或同类的东西，the same ... that表示同一人或物。如：

This is the same book as he lent me last week.

This is the same book that he lent me last week.

4. such/so ... as与such/so ... that

such/so ... as （定语从句）像……那样

such/so ... that （状语从句）如此……以至于

This is such an easy question as I can answer.

This is such an easy question that I can answer it.

5. as与which

as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前， 也可以放在主句后， 有时还可插入主句中。which引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句之后。

as意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等； which意为“这一点”或“这件事”等。

He is a very successful man， as is known to all.

The meeting was put off， which astonished us.

[常考的关系代词who， whom， whose]

1. 用who和whom的情况

先行词为one，ones，anyone，those，且指代人时。如：

The persons I want to talk about with you are Faye Wong and Li Yapeng， the ones who signed a divorce agreement on Friday in Urumqi.

在there be结构中， 修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。如：Theres a gentleman who wants to see you.

一个句子中带有两个修饰人的定语从句， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that， 另一个宜用who以避免重复。如：The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.

当关系代词前面有介词，只能用whom。whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词可放在后面，也可提前以构成“介词+whom（先行词指人）”结构。如：The settlement is home to nearly 1，000 people， many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.

2. whose的用法

关系代词whose一般指人，表示“该人的”，也可指物，表示“该物的”，在以物为先行词时，可用of which代替在从句中作定语。如：The prize will go to the writer whose story/of whom the story shows the most imagination.

注意：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。如：

Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.

Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.

[关系副词when， where， why]

1. when的用法

先行词为“时间名词”，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语，也可用“介词+which”结构代替。如：The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.

2. where的用法

先行词是“地点名词”，定语从句可用where引导，where在从句中作状语，也可用“介词+which”结构代替。如：A bank is the place where（=in which） they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.

定語从句如果修饰point，situation，part，condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况下”。如：You reach a point where medicine cant help.

3. why的用法

先行词是表示原因的名词reason时，可以用why引导定语从句，why在其中作原因状语，可用for which替代。可以把此时的句子牢记为一个固定句型，即The reason why ... is/was that ...，意为“……的原因是……”。如：The reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.

[选择关系代词/副词的原则]

在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析定语从句所缺的成分。若从句缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，那么必须用关系代词；若从句不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，那么必须用关系副词。

This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year. （关系词在从句中作宾语）

I will never forget the day when my father returned from America. （关系词在从句中作状语）

先行词是表示方法、方式的way，后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或in which引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面的定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或which引导，也可以省略关系词。如：

I dont like the way that/in which/不填 he speaks to his mother.

例1 （2015·湖南卷） It is a truly delightful place， ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.

A. as B. where C. that D. which

解析 D。此句是非限制性定语从句，先行词place在定语从句中作主语，所以要用关系代词引导。as引导非限定性定语从句时要放在句首，故选用which。句意：这真是一个令人愉快的地方，这里蜿蜒的小路和美丽的村舍一定和一百年前看起来一模一样。

例2 （2015·北京卷） Opposite is St. Pauls Church， ________ you can hear some lovely music.

A. which B. that C. when D. where

解析 D。这是一个定语从句。先行词是St. Pauls Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，用where。句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。

点拨 关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。做题之前先看句中有没有逗号，逗号是非限制性定语从句的标志。然后再看句子中缺不缺成分，在定语从句中从句主语和宾语都不缺少时，应该考虑关系副词。