低剂量阿司匹林对亚洲和非亚洲子痫前期高危孕妇妊娠结局影响的meta分析
2017-04-02张晓雯崔世红
张晓雯,崔世红
(郑州大学第三附属医院妇产科,河南 郑州 450000)
子痫前期是一个以蛋白尿及高血压为特征的综合征,是孕产妇和围产儿高死亡率的重要原因之一,在所有妊娠孕妇中其发病率大约为2%~8%[1]。低剂量阿司匹林可以选择性的降低血栓素A2的水平而不会干扰内皮细胞前列腺环素的生成,同时其可以有效的降低血小板的激活与聚集,最终维持血管收缩与舒张平衡,使得血管血流量增加,有效改善胎盘功能[2]。目前低剂量阿司匹林(75mg/d)已经被世界卫生组织推荐为高危孕妇预防子痫前期的常规剂量。Xu[3]等的Meta分析提示,低剂量阿司匹林可以有效降低子痫前期及早产等的发生率。但是到目前为止,没有相关Meta分析来探讨低剂量阿司匹林对不同种族高危孕妇的疗效,而这对于临床来说很重要。已有文献报道,阿司匹林对亚洲人群的作用存在差异性是由于环氧化酶1、糖蛋白IIIa、嘌呤能受体P2Y等基因多态性所致[4]。因此,该研究旨在利用meta分析系统性评价低剂量阿司匹林对亚洲及非亚洲子痫前期高危孕妇妊娠结局的影响。
1 资料与方法
1.1 检索策略
以“子痫前期”、“低剂量阿司匹林”、“aspirin”等为关键词在中英文数据库检索。
1.2 文献纳入及排除标准
纳入标准:(1)研究类型:均为随机对照试验。(2)研究对象:子痫前期高危孕妇,高危孕妇指符合①侧翻试验阳性②子宫动脉多普勒超声异常③血管紧张试验阳性④有子痫前期病史、初孕等PE高危因素4项中任一项的孕妇。(3)干预措施:阿司匹林组口服阿司匹林50~100mg/d。对照组行安慰剂、空白对照等处理。(4)结局指标包括子痫前期、早产及围产儿死亡等。排除标准:(1)统计学方法错误文献。(2)重复发表文献或文献中数据存在重复。(3)可能有严重偏倚或阿司匹林组与对照组纳入例数差别较大的文献。
1.3 文献质量评价及数据提取
由两位研究者对文献进行质量评价,并提取文献一般资料。对纳入研究按照Jadad Scale量表进行评估。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS20.00统计学软件进行分析,计数资料以“±s”表示,采用x2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1 文献检索结果
对上述1980年1月~2017年1月时间内文献进行检索,共检索到文献1752篇,经过其他手段检索到文献2篇,合计1754篇,最终纳入文献36篇。文献质量评分均高于5分。
2.2 Meta 及亚组分析结果
2.2.1 子痫前期及早产发生率比较32篇[5-36]文献报道子痫前期及22篇[5-10,12-14,19,21,23-25,29-31,33-37]文献报道早产例数。异质性检验示用随机效应模型。与对照组比,阿司匹林组子痫前期及早产发生率降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。亚组分析示:与非LDA相比,LDA能够降低亚洲和非亚洲孕妇子痫前期及早产发生率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.2.2 围产儿死亡率及胎盘早剥发生率比较 17篇[7-10,12,14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 32-36, 40]文献报道围产儿死亡及 14篇[8-10, 12, 16, 21, 23,24,31,33-36,40]文献报道胎盘早剥例数。异质性检验分析示用固定效应模型。LDA能降低围产儿死亡率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),LDA不能降低胎盘早剥发生率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。亚组分析示:LDA不能降低亚洲围产儿死亡率及胎盘早剥发生率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),LDA不能降低非亚洲胎盘早剥发生率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),LDA可以降低非亚洲围产儿死亡率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.2.3 妊娠期高血压发生率比较 14篇[5,8,17-20,29-31,33,34,37-39]文献报道妊娠期高血压例数。异质性检验示用随机效应模型。与对照组相比,阿司匹林组妊娠期高血压发生率减低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。亚组分析示:LDA不能降低非亚洲孕妇妊娠期高血压发生率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),可以降低亚洲孕妇妊娠期高血压发生率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
3 讨 论
本研究评估了低剂量阿司匹林对亚洲与非亚洲子痫前期高危孕妇的疗效,我们发现LDA能够显著降低亚洲与非亚洲高危孕妇患子痫前期的风险、同时也能降低早产及胎儿宫内生长受限发生率,更重的是,我们发现LDA不能降低亚洲高危孕妇围产儿死亡率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但可以降低非亚洲高危孕妇的围产儿死亡率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);早期口服阿司匹林不能降低非亚洲高危孕妇妊娠期高血压发生率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但可以降低亚洲高危孕妇的妊娠期高血压发生率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。说明LDA可以有效的降低亚洲与非亚洲高危孕妇子痫前期及早产等的发生率,并且在围产儿死亡及妊娠期高血压方面,LDA对不同种族有不同的效果。
尽管目前阿司匹林的作用机制尚不完全清楚,但其可抑制血栓烷A2介导的血管收缩,从而有效的防止胎盘血管的收缩,避免胎盘血流不足。尽管之前有文献报道在中国人群中阿司匹林的作用较弱,但与以前的一些meta分析结果报道一致[41,42],我们的研究证实低剂量阿司匹林可以显著降低亚洲和非亚洲孕妇早产发生率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。然而值得注意的是,本研究中阿司匹林在围产儿死亡率及妊娠期高血压发生率方面有不同的疗效。
本研究存在一定局限性:①亚洲相关研究报道有限,在我们的荟萃分析中仅纳入5篇中文随机对照研究;②由于纳入病例数有限,难以对妊娠期进行更多亚组分析;③随访的差异可能影响我们对meta分析的评价;④亚洲和非亚洲人群在饮食习惯、生活环境、运动保健等方面的不同可能对结果产生一定影响。
总之,低剂量阿司匹林可以降低亚洲与非亚洲高危孕妇子痫前期、早产的风险,不能降低胎盘早剥发生率,而且在围产儿死亡及妊娠期高血压指标上,低剂量阿司匹林对亚洲与非亚洲孕妇有着不同的疗效。
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