原发灶不明转移癌基因表达谱分析技术进展
2017-04-01林连君综述刘新民校审
韩 倩 林连君 综述 刘新民 校审
原发灶不明转移癌基因表达谱分析技术进展
韩 倩 林连君 综述 刘新民 校审
原发灶不明转移癌(CUP)是一类经组织病理学证实为转移性,但经多种临床诊疗手段无法明确原发灶的肿瘤。明确肿瘤原发部位是CUP诊断的第一步,组织病理学、免疫组织化学技术、PET/CT都是临床常用的诊疗手段。基因表达谱分析技术是近年新兴的一种诊断原发灶的方法,具有较高的诊断准确率、敏感性和特异性,有望实现CUP患者的个体化治疗。
原发灶不明转移癌;基因表达谱分析技术;诊断进展
原发灶不明转移癌(CUP)约占所有肿瘤的2%~5%,具有早期转移、病程短、50%以上病人有多个器官受累、转移模式未知等特点,患者的中位生存期约为6~9个月[1-2]。组织病理学、免疫组织化学(IHC)、影像学、肿瘤标记物、内镜等是CUP临床上常用的诊断方法。在CUP的诊断中,组织病理学联合IHC是明确原发灶的重要诊断方法,对转移癌的诊断率约为65%[3]。PET/CT具有较高的敏感性和特异性,其对原发部位检出率为22%~73%,CT、MRI相对较低分别为22%和36%,但在过去10年中,CT和MRI对原发灶的检出率提高了6.8倍[4-7]。内镜检查和肿瘤标记物的敏感性和特异性较低。据报道,即使进行了全面的常规临床检查,仍有大约75%患者无法明确原发灶,而尸检也只能找出80%患者的原发灶,20%患者最终都无法明确原发部位[8]。因此,提高原发灶检出率对CUP的诊断具有重要意义。
基因表达谱分析技术(Gene expression profiling,GEP)也称为高通量分子谱分析技术,是近十几年新兴的一种诊断技术,尚未在临床实践中推广。该技术在CUP的诊断研究中具有较高的原发灶检出率、敏感性和特异性,是CUP领域的研究热点之一,但该技术能否给患者带来临床获益尚无统一意见,现对近年来GEP的研究进展进行综述。
1 基因表达谱分析技术预测原发灶的原理及其分类
不同组织起源的肿瘤与相对应的正常组织有相同的基因表达谱,即使转移灶的肿瘤细胞也保留这一特性,基于此,GEP可以通过qRT-PCR或基因芯片技术检测组织中的基因表达,从而预测原发部位[3,9]。
GEP大体可以分为4种,第一种以Ma等[10]建立的一种包含92个基因和54种肿瘤的qRT-PCR分析技术为代表,其对原发灶诊断率约为75%~87%[10-11]。后续研究报道该方法对转移癌和原发肿瘤分类的准确率分别为90%和93%,敏感性为91%[12]。该方法后被开发为CancerTYPE ID。第二种方法为Pathwork Tissue of Origin Test,包含1 550个基因和15种肿瘤类型,对原发灶的诊断率为76%,多中心试验证实该方法的敏感性为87%[13]。第三种方法包含495个基因和48种肿瘤,对原发灶的诊断率约为83%,该方法即CUPPrint[14]。第二和第三种诊断方法均通过基因微阵列分析技术分析组织的基因表达。第四种诊断方法包含48个miRNA,其对原发灶的预测率为78%~89%[15-17]。引入二代测序分析后的诊断率为85%~92%[18-19]。该方法后发展为miRview mets test。其他的基因表达分析方法有表观遗传学和循环肿瘤细胞抗原,前者原发灶预测率、敏感性和特异性分别为87%、97.7%和99.6%,这两种方法仍在探索阶段[20-21]。
综上所述,GEP对于原发灶的诊断率为75%~93%,敏感性和特异性分别为87%~97.7%和99.6%[22]。 GEP诊断方法选择众多,其中Cancer TYPE ID、Pathwork Tissue of Origin Test和miRview mets test已经投入商业使用。
2 基因表达谱分析技术预测原发灶准确性的研究
一项多中心试验比较了GEP与IHC对157例转移癌标本原发部位的预测能力,IHC由4位病理学家进行两轮评估阅片,发现在低分化或者未分化癌中,GEP的诊断效能明显高于IHC(91%vs. 71%),且对于首轮IHC无法确诊的病例,GEP有更高的诊断率(83%vs. 67%),与另一项研究报道一致[23-24]。Weiss等[25]也比较了GEP和IHC对122例转移癌样本的肿瘤分类能力,总体准确率分别为79%和69%。另一项研究分析了2008年5月—2010年1月间做了肿瘤分子分析(MTP)的171例CUP,其对原发部位的诊断与临床诊断和IHC的符合率分别为75%和77%,与额外靶向性IHC临床或者病理学的符合率为74%[26]。在一项神经内分泌肿瘤的研究中,分析了75例神经内分泌肿瘤包括44例转移癌和31例原发癌,GEP对肿瘤的分型准确性高达99%,对原发灶的预测率为95%[27]。GEP对转移癌、晚期肿瘤和组织标本有限的病例也具有较高的病理分型能力[28]。
由此可见,GEP对转移癌的诊断明显优于IHC,GEP可作为CUP临床诊疗手段的补充,特别是对于诊断困难的病理类型,如低分化或者未分化癌、神经内分泌肿瘤等。
3 基因表达谱分析技术指导CUP部位特异性治疗研究
3.1 基因表达谱分析技术筛选基因突变治疗靶点
基因突变是肿瘤发生发展的重要机制之一,目前越来越多针对基因突变的靶向药物被开发出来用于治疗实体肿瘤,靶向治疗通常需要在检测出突变基因的基础上进行,GEP能解决CUP基因突变检测过程中样本量少和检测方法差异大等问题。一项前瞻性研究收集了128名病理类型为腺癌或者低分化癌的CUP患者,对其中55名符合要求的患者进行了50种促癌基因和潜在的靶向治疗位点的检测,结果在84%病例中检测出了总共60种肿瘤特异性突变和29种基因扩增或者缺失,其中最常见的突变基因分别是TP53(55%)、KRAS(16%)、CDKN2A(9%)和SMAD4(9%),15%的病例所携带的基因突变是现今已有靶向药物的治疗靶点[29]。
另一项大型前瞻性研究分析了200例病理类型为腺癌和非腺癌的CUP,分析其可能存在的潜在靶向治疗位点以及对靶向治疗的反应性。结果显示95%的标本中存在至少一项基因突变,其中85%的CUP患者存在1个以上潜在的靶向治疗靶点[30]。表明GEP可用于筛选CUP患者基因突变治疗靶点,特别是治疗方案选择有限、疗效差的患者。除此外,还有其他规模的研究报道GEP可筛选出不同比例CUP患者潜在的药物治疗靶点[31-32]。
综合以上研究可以看出大多数CUP至少存在一项可作为治疗靶点的基因突变,CUP患者或可实现个体化治疗,有国外学者将CUP视为个体化治疗的典型代表[32]。但是对于CUP的基因表达特点的了解仍然不充分,更多研究有待开展[34]。
3.2 基因表达谱分析技术指导CUP部位特异性治疗的前期研究
GEP还可用于预测患者对抗肿瘤药物的反应性,指导治疗方案的选择。一项前瞻性研究分析了经GEP诊断及指导特异性治疗患者的结局[34]。该研究共有65名临床医师和他们管理的107名CUP患者参与,医师首先根据需要对患者进行常规检查,然后对符合要求的患者进行GEP检测。最后结果显示这些临床医师依据GEP检测结果改变了50%患者的诊断和65%患者的治疗方案,临床医师推荐的治疗方案与指南一致的由42%上升至65%,无指南依据治疗方案由28%降至13%。随访期间共69名患者死亡,中位生存期为14个月,33%患者存活2年以上,患者生存期较之前研究报道的更长[1-2]。另一项研究回顾性分析了1 544名CUP患者中有详细病历资料并经GEP检测为结肠癌的42名患者,其中32名接受了一线或者二线结肠癌化疗方案,另10名患者接受了经验化疗方案。结果显示给予结肠癌特异性治疗的患者缓解率为50%,中位生存期为27个月,而经验治疗的患者缓解率只有17%[36]。表明按照GEP预测的原发部位治疗的CUP患者其中位生存期与原发灶已知的转移癌类似,GEP或可通过提供部位特异性治疗而改善CUP患者的预后。
一项大型前瞻性研究对289名CUP患者中的252人进行了GEP检测,98%的患者明确了原发灶,其中194名患者接受了GEP指导的特异性治疗,中位生存期为12.5个月[37]。另一项包含22名CUP患者的研究中,18人进行了GEP检测,平均检测时间为11天,检测结果改变了其中9名患者的诊断和治疗[38]。表明GEP检测不会延误CUP患者诊疗方案的实施。虽然多个前瞻性研究显示了GEP在CUP患者诊疗和治疗中的优势,但有系统综述指出,GEP虽能对CUP进行准确分型,却并不能预测抗肿瘤治疗的疗效及结局[39]。因此,需要随机对照临床试验证据。
3.3 基因表达谱分析技术指导CUP部位特异性治疗的随机临床对照试验
关于GEP的随机临床对照试验是目前GEP的重要研究方向。已结束的一项非盲性单中心II期临床试验入选了45名进行了GEP检测的CUP患者,根据GEP检测结果将患者分成对标准化疗方案敏感组和非敏感组,敏感组给予标准化疗方案(卡铂、紫杉醇联合依莫维司方案)治疗,不敏感组给予其他化疗方案治疗,主要试验终点为缓解率达22%。结果表明敏感组缓解率、无进展生存期和总体生存率均较非敏感组高[40]。说明GEP可用于预测CUP患者对抗肿瘤药物的敏感性。
有关GEP的临床试验非常有限,目前正在进行的大型临床试验有三项(NCT01827384、IMPACT 2和GEFCAPI04),分别研究一线抗肿瘤失败的实体肿瘤患者依据GEP预测的基因突变选择相应的化疗方案疗效对比、基于GEP的靶向治疗与标准治疗的比较以及GEP指导CUP患者的特异性治疗与经验治疗的比较[41-43]。GEP能否使CUP患者获益一直存在争议,以上几项临床试验结果或能为GEP的临床应用提供直接证据。
4 小结与展望
原发灶不明转移癌病程短、进展快,且患者的治疗和预后与原发部位有密切关系,明确原发灶是临床上诊断该疾病的难点,因此提高原发灶的检出率是CUP相关研究的重点。基因表达谱分析具有较高的准确性、敏感性和特异性,但其在临床实践中应用价值却没有达成共识。分析其原因,首先,缺乏可靠的试验对照:早期GEP的相关研究主要集中于新诊断工具的开发,其试验主要与IHC的诊断结果进行对比,故一些学者提出质疑,IHC的诊断能力有限,并不能完全反映GEP的诊断能力。其次,没有证据表明GEP能改善患者的预后:GEP试验主要集中在诊断能力,虽然2012年以后出现一些单中心的实验,说明GEP改变患者的治疗,却并没有说明GEP对患者预后的影响[22]。第三,GEP费用约为2~10万,为IHC的10~20倍,给患者和社会带来很大的经济负担,但未来相关费用有可能会降低[44]。尽管基因表达谱分析技术的运用面临着挑战和困难,但随着基因测序技术的发展,基因表达谱分析技术的研究会日渐完善,有望在CUP患者的个体化治疗中发挥更大的作用。
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Advancesingeneexpressionprofilingofmetastasesfromunidentifiedprimarytumor
HANQian,LINLianjun,LIUXinmin
Department of Geriatric,Peking University First Hospital,Beijing 100034,China
Primary lesions unknown metastatic cancer (CUP)is a class of histopathologically confirmed metastases.However,a variety of clinical diagnosis and treatment can not clear the primary tumor.The identification of tumor primary site is the first step in the diagnosis of CUP.The histopathology,immunohistochemistry and PET /CT are commonly used clinical diagnosis and treatment.Gene expression profiling technique is a new method for the diagnosis of primary tumor in recent years.It has high diagnostic accuracy,sensitivity and specificity,and is expected to achieve individual treatment of patients with CUP.
Cancer of unknown primary sites(CUP);Gene expression profiling(GEP);Progress in diagnosis
北京大学第一医院老年科(北京 100034)
韩倩,女,(1990-),博士研究生,从事肺癌、肺纤维化的研究。
刘新民,E-mail:lxm2128@163.com
R73
A
10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.06.014
(收稿:2017-04-10)