滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌的临床诊断及分子生物学研究进展
2017-03-08袁浩然史永照
袁浩然+史永照
摘 要 滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌(follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, FVPTC)是甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC)中常见的亚型。FVPTC又可分为包膜型FVPTC和非包膜型FVPTC,不同分型的FVPTC的临床表现及分子生物学特性各不相同,如包膜型FVPTC的临床表现类似于滤泡型甲状腺瘤或滤泡型甲状腺癌,而非包膜型FVPTC类似于经典型甲状腺乳头状癌。由于FVPTC特殊的病理特点,术前超声、细针吸引细胞学检查及术中冰冻切片检查均难确诊,目前对其诊断及分型主要依靠术后病理切片的HE染色,结合基因检测将有助于诊断。然而,学术界对FVPTC的临床表现、分子生物学特性以及治疗方案的观点尚不统一。因此,对FVPTC有待深入研究,并制定科学合理的精准化治疗方案。
关键词 滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌;诊断;病理;分子生物学特性
中图分类号:R736.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2017)04-0004-06
The clinical diagnosis of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma and its research progress of molecular biology
YUAN Haoran, SHI Yongzhao(Department of Thyroid-Breast Surgery of Shanghai Fifth Peoples Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China)
ABSTRACT The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma(FVPTC)is the common subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC). The FVPTC can be further divided into encapsulated and nonencapsulated FVPTC. Different subtypes of FVPTC have different clinical manifestations and molecular biological characteristics, such as the clinical manifestation of encapsulated FVPTC is similar to that of follicular thyroid adenoma or follicular thyroid carcinoma while nonencapsulated FVPTC is similar to that of classic papillary thyroid carcinoma. It is difficult to confirm the diagnosis of FVPTC by preoperative ultrasonography and fine needle attract cytology(FNAC)as well as intraoperative frozen section examination due to the special pathological characteristics of FVPTC. At present, the diagnosis and classification of FVPTC mainly rely on the postoperative pathological staining with HE, and combined with genetic testing can assist the diagnosis. However, the ideas of clinical manifestations, molecular biological characteristics and the treatment of FVPTC are unified in academic circles. The further research is needed for FVPTC, and the plan of scientific and reasonable accurate treatments should be made.
KEY WORDS follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; diagnosis; clinicopathology; molecular biology
近年來,随着发病率的不断上升[1-2],甲状腺癌已成为发病率最高的内分泌肿瘤,同时也成为头颈部最常见的恶性肿瘤[3]。甲状腺癌中最常见的是甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC),占70%~80%[4-5],其主要类型是经典型甲状腺乳头状癌(classical papillary thyroid carcinoma,CPTC)。此外,依据2004年世界卫生组织甲状腺和甲状腺旁腺肿瘤分类,PTC还包括15个亚型[6],按肿瘤侵袭性可分为高危和低危两大组。滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌(follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,FVPTC)是PTC中除CPTC外最为常见的亚型,占PTC的9%~22.5%[7-9],亦有占41%的报道[10]。FVPTC属于低危组,并具有多个亚型。
FVPTC由Crile和Hazard[11]于1953年首先报道,近年来临床诊断率逐年上升。多篇文献报道FVPTC的男女人数发病比例与CPTC相似,为1∶3~4,同时,FVPTC的平均发病年龄与CPTC也无差异[8,12]。有文献报道FVPTC的平均发病年龄更大,可能因为FVPTC前期漏诊较多,人为延长了患者的平均发病年龄,也可能影响了FVPTC肿瘤直径大小以及肿瘤分期。Chang等[13]和Yuksel等[14]报道的FVPTC的肿瘤大小相似,而Burningham等[15]和Yu等[12]报道的FVPTC的肿瘤直径更大。对于FVPTC与CPTC肿瘤分期的比较,Lin等[8]研究认为两者之间无明显区别,而Burningham等[15]研究认为FVPTC比CPTC肿瘤有更高的临床分期。
1 FVPTC诊断及分型
1.1 病理分型
一般认为,FVPTC兼有CPTC和滤泡型甲状腺癌(follicular thyroid carcinoma,FTC)的病理特点,肿瘤组织大部分或全部由滤泡结构组成,肿瘤细胞具有CPTC特征性的细胞核,而CPTC特征性的分支状乳头结构则不明显或缺乏。依据有無包膜,FVPTC可分为包膜型(encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,EFVPTC)和非包膜型(nonencapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,NFVPTC)或称浸润型(infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma)[16]。EFVPTC肿瘤境界比较清楚,有完整包膜包绕,临床表现类似于滤泡型甲状腺瘤(follicular thyroid adenoma,FTA)或FTC[9,17]。LiVolsi等[18]根据EFVPTC有无血管浸润、病灶内有无典型乳头状癌核型特征以及分布方式(弥漫、多发)又可细分为多个亚型。而Walts等[16]认为将此型称作局限性较好型FVPTC(well circumscribed FVPTC)比较合适。NFVPTC则部分有包膜或完全没包膜,常呈侵袭性生长,临床表现类似于CPTC[17]。此外,Howitt等[19]则将 FVPTC分为EFVPTC、部分包膜型或局限性较好型(PE/ WC)和浸润型。Gupta等[20]则将FVPTC分为包膜型、非包膜型和弥漫型。Smith等[21]和LiVolsi等[18]将甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤合并微小乳头状癌也归为其亚型之一。
1.2 石蜡切片HE染色
FVPTC的病理学诊断主要依靠石蜡切片HE染色。一般对于PTC的诊断主要依据肿瘤细胞特征性的细胞核、沙砾体、乳头状结构等,其中特征性的细胞核包括增大、增长和重叠的细胞核以及毛玻璃状核、核沟、核内假包涵体等。沙砾体是诊断PTC的重要特征,由细胞坏死后钙盐沉积所致。特征性细胞核的诊断意义超过乳头状结构。在某些情况下,即使没有乳头状结构,如果细胞具有乳头状癌特征性的征象,也诊断为乳头状癌。在此基础上,Chan[22]提出了EFVPTC的诊断标准,对于FVPTC的诊断同样具有很高的借鉴价值。①核卵圆形,而非圆形;②核排列拥挤、紊乱、缺少极性;③核空亮、透明(不应仅限于肿瘤的中心部位,此处由于固定延迟,人为造成的核胀大很常见),或有明显的核沟;④砂粒体出现。如果以上4个指标缺少1个,必须具备以下4个或4个以上的辅助特征才能诊断:①发育不全的乳头;②明显拉长、不规则形状的滤泡;③胶质深染;④出现少见的假性核内包涵体;⑤滤泡腔内出现多核组织细胞。虽然有40%~60%的PTC病理可检出砂粒体,但FVPTC则较少见砂粒体[23],同时FVPTC乳头状结构也少见,因此需要连续多次切片才能观察到这些结构。但在某些情况下,由于FVPTC肿瘤组织特征性的细胞核仅出现在局部,甚至细胞核特征不明显,石蜡切片同样难以诊断[24],需要借助肿瘤分子生物学测定,如BRAF及RAS的表达[25]。
1.3 细针吸引细胞学及冰冻切片检查
细针吸引细胞学(fine-needle aspiration cytology,FNAC)检查是甲状腺肿瘤术前良恶性诊断的金标准[26]。虽然有学者对此进行了研究,但相比于CPTC,FNAC传统细胞学检测对于FVPTC的误诊率较高[24,27]。Jain等[28]研究发现,FNAC对PTC的诊断敏感度为58%~93%,而对FVPTC的诊断敏感度仅为9.8%~37.0%。Mallik等[29]利用FNAC鉴别甲状腺癌时发现,FNAC细胞涂片中的黑色及苍白的脑状核形是鉴别FVPTC与滤泡型肿瘤(follicular neoplasm,FN)的有效指标,但是29.4%的FVPTC同时缺乏这2种核细胞。Shih等[30]同样利用FNAC诊断FVPTC,认为微滤泡团、单层合体团、核沟、包涵体等指标有助于诊断,但这些指标均为非特异性,分析时波动性较大。FNAC诊断的灵敏度较低,主要是因为FVPTC细胞学形态与FTA/FTC等有重叠[9],且具备PTC的核型特征的病灶常位于肿瘤包膜附近,而穿刺取样常位于肿瘤的中心[18]。
针对FNAC传统细胞学检查的局限性,一些学者另辟蹊径,采用FNAC结合基因分析方法有效提高了FVPTC的诊断和分型准确性。Adeniran等[31]认为与单纯细胞学检查相比,用FNAC进行形态学分析结合BRAF检测可极大提高术前PTCs的鉴别诊断效率。Marchetti等[32]将单独FNAC检测与FNAC结合BRAF检测相比较,发现PTCs的正确诊断率分别为62%和82%。同时,FNAC结合BRAF检测有利于为患者制定更好的术式及预后评估[31]。Suster等[24]认为病理检测术中冰冻切片FVPTC的灵敏度很低。Lin等[27]研究发现,由于FVPTC缺乏乳头状结构,极大限制了术中冰冻切片检测结果的准确性。
1.4 超声检查
超声检查是甲状腺肿瘤的首选检查方法,但对于FVPTC的误诊率较高,常呈相对良性表现[33],如常将FVPTC尤其是EFVPTC误诊为甲状腺腺瘤或增生结节。但超声对NFVPTC的表现与CPTC相似,顯示出典型恶性的征象[9]。具有较大意义的超声诊断要点包括形态与边界、微小钙化和淋巴结转移等。①形态与边界。NFVPTC超声形态一般不规则,边界模糊、成角及毛刺,但EFVPTC具有相对完整的包膜。Kim等[33]观察到肿瘤形态规则,呈卵圆形,边界清晰,具有良性肿瘤特征。Salajegheh等[34]和Yoon等[9]认为肿瘤微小分叶状的边缘是可疑征象,常提示恶性。同时,Jeh等[35]和Moon等[36]认为FVPTC有沿着正常组织水平生长的趋势,因此纵横比<1。②微小钙化。微小钙化即病理中的砂砾体。Khoo等[37]认为,单独利用微小钙化这一超声征象预测甲状腺恶性结节,其特异度为96.74%,敏感度为24.30%。Choi等[38]认为微小钙化对于诊断PTC的特异度可达100%。虽然Yoon等[9]研究发现,相比于CPTC较高的显示率,FVPTC的微小钙化很少见,但微小钙化依旧有重要的诊断价值。③淋巴结转移。Weber等[39]报道颈部淋巴结转移是PTC的主要转移途径,发生率为40%~64%。Yoon等[9]则发现FVPTC的区域淋巴结转移率明显低于CPTC。有研究[40]认为FVPTC的淋巴结转移的诊断价值很高,对比于FVPTC甲状腺病灶内很少出现的乳头状结构,淋巴结转移灶常表现为发育良好的乳头状结构,并伴有囊性变,超声常显示为高回声伴微小钙化和囊性变。因此,鉴于FVPTC这一特殊表现,如果颈部淋巴结超声提示PTC,而甲状腺内无PTC恶性征象,则应考虑可能为FVPTC。
2 FVPTC的临床表现
一般认为FVPTC的临床表现类似于FTC/FTA,其中EFVPTC的临床表现更类似于FTC/FTA,NFVPTC更类似于CPTC。有研究将FVPTC的临床表现与CPTC进行对比,发现前者更类似于FTC,发生血管、包膜以及腺外侵犯的比例较少,同时淋巴结转移率也较低,而远处转移率较高[13,28]。Burningham等[15]的研究显示,FVPTC与CPTC在包膜浸润、血管侵犯、肿瘤多灶性、淋巴结转移率以及远处转移率方面相似。同样,Ozdemir等[41]研究后则认为,FVPTC患者的多灶性及颈部淋巴结转移率与CPTC相似,而包膜浸润较少。
Liu等[17]通过研究FVPTC的不同亚型发现,EFVPTC的淋巴结转移率约为5%,而NFVPTC则为65%,因此认为前者的临床表现更类似于FTC/FTA,几乎没有转移和复发的风险,而后者类似于CPTC,具有较高的转移和复发风险。Liu等[42]同样认为EFVPTC的临床表现较好,侵袭性较低。但Baloch等[43]则报道了EFVPTC出现远处骨转移的病例。Ivanova等[44]研究发现,弥漫型FVPTC分布弥漫,病灶多发,容易发生血管及腺外侵犯和淋巴结转移。Gupta等[20]同样认为弥漫型FVPTC侵袭能力强。Howitt等[19]将FVPTC分为包膜型、部分包膜型或PE/WC型和浸润型,发现PE/WC型与包膜型临床表现相似。
3 FVPTC的分子生物学研究
为了更好的理解FVPTC的发病机制,不少学者对FVPTC进行了分子生物学研究。一般认为,FVPTC的基因改变类似于FTC/FTA,其中EFVPTC的基因改变更类似于FTC/FTA,NFVPTC更类似于CPTC。可见FVPTC及其分型的分子表型与临床表现相一致,反映其组织病理学特性和侵袭特性。
研究发现,约80%的PTC存在基因改变,主要包括BRAF点突变、RAS点突变、RET基因突变、RET/ PTC基因重排、PAX8/PPAR基因重排等,并且一些基因突变似乎相互排斥[31]。其中PTC中BRAF突变最为常见,占45% ~80%[31,45],RAS突变和RET/PTC重排分别占15%和15%[19]。FTC和FTA则缺乏BRAF突变和RET/PTC易位,而RAS突变以及PAX8/PPAR重排更频繁,其中约45%的FTC存在RAS突变,约35%的FTC存在PAX8/PPAR重排[19]。
研究认为,FVPTC的分子改变更类似于FTC/FTA,BRAF突变率较低且RAS和PAX8/PPAR突变率较高,而非类似CPTC。尽管如此,学者们的研究结果也各不相同。BRAF基因是RAF基因家族的一员,BRAF V600E突变常见于CPTC等,并不存在于FTC/FTA和甲状腺良性肿瘤中,其与CPTC的侵袭特性以及较差预后相关,如腺外浸润、淋巴结转移、对放射性碘剂治疗的抵抗以及肿瘤复发等[31]。Walts等[16]和Min等[46]分别报道FVPTC中BRAF V600E突变率分别为34%和47. 6%。Chakraborty等[47]发现BRAF基因突变与PTC侵袭和转移特性显著相关,而且CPTC的BRAF基因突变率更高于FVPTC,因此CPTC侵袭力更高,而FVPTC较低。Castro等[48]和Rivera等[49]认为RAS突变与FVPTC肿瘤较大的体积显著相关。Guney等[50]认为NRAS密码子61的点突变和PAX8-PPAR的基因重排在FVPTC的发病机制中起重要作用,且并未发现BRAF突变。
同时,研究发现EFVPTC的分子表型类似于FTC/FTA,NFVPTC的基因改变更类似于CPTC。Rivera等[49]研究发现,EFVPTC的BRAF和RAS突变类似于FTC/FTA,缺乏BRAF突变,RAS突变率较高为36%,PAX8/PPAR重排发生率为4%,而NFVPTC的BRAF和RAS基因改变更类似于CPTC,BRAF突变率较高为26%,RAS突变率较低为10%,RET/PTC重排发生率为10%,与Liu等[42]的研究结论一致。Gupta等[20]建议将弥漫型FVPTC单独分出,发现EFVPTC和NFVPTC的临床表现和基因表型更类似于FTA和FTC,而弥漫型FVPTC更类似于CPTC。Howitt等[19]发现PE/WC型与包膜型临床表现及分子特征相似。研究发现EFVPTC中最常见的是NRAS密码子61突变[51]。Lee等 认为RAS基因突变比BRAF基因诊断效能更高。Rivera等[49]研究发现NFVPTC的RAS突变率为36%,而浸润型FVPTC为10%,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Howitt等[19]认为EFVPTC和PE/WC型RAS突变率相似。而Gupta等[20]研究发现,EFVPTC、NEFVPTC和弥散型FVPTC三者之间RAS突变率无显著区别。关于各型FVPTC的BRAF突变研究同样存在分歧。Eloy等[52]研究发现EFVPTC和NEFVPTC的BRAF V600E突变率分别为8. 3%和25%,与Walts等[16]的研究结果类似。而Gupta等[20]和Lee等[25]均未观察到EFVPTC与浸润型FVPTC的BRAF V600E突变率有显著差异。
鉴于基因检测的优势,不少学者认为BRAF基因检测有助于术前诊断FVPTC。Chakraborty等[47]和Adeniran等[31]认为,形态学评估结合FNA获取的组织进行BRAF基因检測不仅有利于术前诊断,更有利于为患者制定治疗方案。
4 FVPTC的临床处理及预后
由于FVPTC的术前确诊及分型比较困难,目前临床上多数患者的治疗采用CPTC的治疗方案。Yu等[12]通过比较21 796例CPTC患者和10 740例FVPTC患者的治疗效果,发现虽然FVPTC的临床表现不一样,但远期预后极好,类似于CPTC。Lin等[8]的研究同样提示两组患者临床预后相似。Burningham等[15]认为对于FVPTC的治疗应该与CPTC相似。
即便如此,术前应该科学有效的确诊FVPTC并分型,根据FVPTC的不同亚型,制定更为科学合理的精准化治疗方案,提高患者预后。一般对于未侵犯的EFVPTC以及BRAF V600E未突变的患者,只需采取腺叶切除术,对于出现侵犯的EFVPTC、NEFVPTC和BRAF V600E突变患者,可采取包括全甲状腺切除术、颈部中央区淋巴结清扫、内分泌治疗及术后131I治疗在内的规范化治疗。
Liu等[42]认为,对于未出现侵犯的EFVPTC患者,可以只行甲状腺腺叶切除术并保存甲状腺功能,减少并发症发生。但仍有部分EFVPTC具有恶性潜质、发生骨转移的报道[43],因此行腺叶切除的同时行中央区淋巴结清扫术比较稳妥。Howitt等[19]认为,对于FVPTC中非侵犯性包膜型或PE/WC型只需采取腺叶切除术。Adeniran等[31]认为,术前细胞学诊断可疑且有BRAF V600E突变患者,应采取全甲状腺切除加颈部中央区淋巴结清扫,对于细胞学诊断可疑且无BRAF V600E突变患者,则行腺叶切除,对于细胞学诊断不确定且无BRAF V600E突变患者,在无其他危险性因素情况下,可随访6~12个月后再行检测。
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