非酒精性脂肪性肝病相关性肝细胞癌的研究进展
2017-03-08王玉平周永宁
王 璐,王玉平,周永宁
兰州大学第一医院消化科 甘肃省胃肠病重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
非酒精性脂肪性肝病相关性肝细胞癌的研究进展
王 璐,王玉平,周永宁
兰州大学第一医院消化科 甘肃省胃肠病重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
随着肥胖和糖尿病发病率的增加,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)发病率也不断增加,NAFLD与肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)之间存在重要关系,未来将成为HCC的主要病因。但由于非酒精性脂肪性肝病相关性肝细胞癌(non-alcoholic liver disease-hepatocellular carcinoma,NAFLD-HCC)患者长期无症状的临床病程往往导致对病情的忽略,诊断时已处于晚期,使预后较差。为加强对NAFLD-HCC的重视,本文就NAFLD-HCC的流行病学、危险因素及机制、监测、治疗等进行系统概述。
非酒精性脂肪性肝病;肝细胞癌;肥胖;糖尿病;监测
近年来,原发性肝癌发病率逐渐上升,位居恶性肿瘤第6位,占恶性肿瘤死因第2位[1],以肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)为主,占85%~90%[2]。HCC病因主要为病毒性肝炎和酒精性肝炎,但仍有一部分HCC病因不明,主要认为与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)相关。NAFLD 主要包括单纯性非酒精性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)及相关肝硬化、肝癌。NAFLD相关性HCC(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-hepatocellular carcinoma,NAFLD-HCC)的发病机制较为复杂,目前尚不明确,主要与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、脂毒性、肠道微生态紊乱、遗传多态性等危险因素相关,手术治愈率与其他病因的HCC接近,但由于随访监测不完善,诊断时已处于晚期未得到及时有效的治疗,导致其预后较差。
1 流行病学
据最新的数据显示,全球约有78万原发性肝癌新发病例,居恶性肿瘤第6位,约有75万死亡,居恶性肿瘤死因第2位[1]。全球肝癌的高发地区主要分布在东南亚和撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲国家,低发区主要分布在欧洲、美洲、大洋洲等地区[3]。而我国肝癌的新发病例有39万,死亡病例38万,发病顺位排第5位,死亡顺位排第2位[1]。常见病因有病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝炎。但最新研究[3]发现,肝癌低发区发病率正在上升。这种变化主要可能与发达地区的NAFLD发病率上升相关。一项对22个国家85项研究的荟萃分析结果显示,全球NAFLD的患病率为25.24%,其中北美洲24.1%、欧洲23.7%、亚洲27.4%、中东31.8%、南美洲30.5%、非洲13.5%[4]。我国的流行病学荟萃结果[5]发现,我国NAFLD的患病率为20.09%。美国在2004年-2009年的一项对HCC调查发现,HCV相关HCC占54.9%,酒精相关HCC占16.4%,NAFLD-HCC占14.1%、HBV相关HCC占9.5%,且在这6年间,NAFLD-HCC的年增长率为9%[6]。虽然目前仍缺乏NAFLD-HCC精确数据,但美国一项前瞻性研究[7]显示,2002年-2012年,因NAFLD-HCC行肝移植人数增长4倍,而HCV相关HCC只增长2倍。
2 NAFLD与HCC的关系
过去认为HCC主要发生在慢性肝病基础上,常见病因包括病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝炎,但仍有一部分(6.9%~29%)潜在病因不明[8],认为继发于隐源性肝硬化(cryptogenic cirrhosis,CC)。为证明NAFLD、CC及HCC之间的联系,White等[9]的一项荟萃分析发现,60%HCC是由合并肝硬化的NAFLD/NASH发展而来。另一项美国的前瞻性研究[10]分析了HCC的病因后发现,CC占29%,其中一半的患者具有NAFLD的组织学及临床特征和至少13%患者组织学确诊为NAFLD。由于NASH进展为肝硬化时,大多数患者已不具备脂肪变性、小叶中央坏死性炎症、气球样变等NASH的病理学特征[11],故NASH在CC中所占比例可能更高。NAFLD也可直接导致HCC而不经过肝硬化阶段。Kawada等[12]比较1 168例接受手术治疗的HCC患者,发现75%NAFLD-HCC患者在确诊HCC时未发现任何肝硬化,该比例高于HCV/酒精相关HCC。Paradis等[13]对128例HCC患者随访12年后发现,NAFLD较其他慢性肝病更易在无明显肝纤维化基础上发生HCC(65%vs26%),这个现象可能与肝腺瘤的恶性转化相关。少数已发表的研究[14-15]表明,存在代谢综合征情况下,肝腺瘤可能引起恶性转化。
3 NASH发展为HCC的危险因素及机制
慢性肝病基础上发生HCC,是一个复杂但循序渐进过程,公认的肝硬化相关HCC,机制主要包括端粒酶功能障碍及刺激细胞增殖的微观环境和宏观环境改变。但无论合并肝硬化或无肝硬化,NAFLD进展为HCC的危险因素可能是相同的。NAFLD-HCC危险因素主要包括肥胖、IR、肝脏脂肪蓄积及脂毒性、肠道微生态紊乱、遗传多态性等。
3.1肥胖肥胖是NAFLD-HCC发生的主要危险因素。肥胖(BMI>30 kg/m2)患者发生HCC的风险较正常体质量患者高1.93倍,且BMI每增加5 kg/m2,HCC的发病风险平均增加24%[16]。肥胖和过度内脏脂肪组织堆积,使瘦素水平升高、脂联素水平降低。瘦素具有较强促炎及促纤维化作用,主要通过激活Janus激酶(Janus kinasel,JAK)、转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT3)、磷酸肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)和细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular rugulated kinasel,ERK)等途径,启动细胞内促炎细胞因子级联反应,同时瘦素上调端粒酶反转录酶促进肿瘤生长[17]。脂联素抑制肿瘤血管生成并抑制HCC生长和转移,主要通过激活作为肿瘤抑制剂的5’-腺苷单磷酸酶激活蛋白激酶(AMPK)来发挥作用。此外,肥胖还与其他危险因素有关,包括胰岛素抵抗,肝脏脂肪蓄积和肠道微生态紊乱。
3.2IR研究[18]表明,糖尿病为NASH进展为HCC的独立危险因素。美国一项研究[19]发现,2型糖尿病患者最常见的癌症为HCC,且糖尿病可使HCC发病风险增加2.90倍。肥胖和脂肪过多蓄积导致肝脏和外周IR引起代偿性高胰岛素血症。研究[20]表明,胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)可能促进HCC发病,主要机制可能为IGF-1和胰岛素受体底物通过活化促丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)途径及增加原癌基因(c-fos和c-jun)转录来发挥作用,MAPK通路激活Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号级联导致纤维化和肝癌。
3.3脂毒性肝脏脂肪蓄积的机制主要包括肝细胞内脂肪酸增多、三酰甘油合成增多和载脂蛋白的减少[15,21]。过度脂质积累引起的脂毒性导致饱和和不饱和游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids,FFAs)增多[22]。磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)可通过调控PI3K信号通路间接抑制肿瘤发生。FFAs过度蓄积可抑制PTEN,促进肿瘤发生[23]。而且FFAs可经历β氧化导致活性氧的形成。活性氧诱导内皮网应激、线粒体损伤和调节基因表达促进炎症细胞信号通路,导致NASH、肝纤维化及HCC发生。
3.4肠道微生态紊乱肠道微生态改变所致的肠黏膜通透性的改变、肠源性内毒素血症、TLRs激活及促炎因子的释放在NASH发生中起核心作用。研究[24]显示,肥胖患者肠道内革兰阴性杆菌增多,脂多糖(LPS)为革兰阴性杆菌的细胞膜成分,作用于TLR样受体激活细胞表面CD14,释放TNF-α、IL-1、IL-1β等细胞因子,导致肝脏炎症及纤维化。有研究[25]显示,与这些炎症因子有关的复杂的细胞间相互作用可以导致肝细胞凋亡、代偿性增殖及最终的癌变。肠道微生态失调也可促进去氧胆酸的生成,而去氧胆酸可损害DNA[26]。Yoshimoto等[27]研究发现,去氧胆酸可促进肝星状细胞衰老相关的分泌表型的激活,导致肝脏内IL-1β等促炎因子释放增加,从而促进肝癌进展。
3.5遗传多态性遗传多态性可能是导致NAFLD进展为HCC的一个因素。最近全基因组关联研究确定含patatin样磷脂酶域3(patatin-like phospholipasedomain containing 3,PNPLA3)基因、TM6SF2基因为NAFLD-HCC发生的易感基因。PNPLA3基因rs738409位点处C-G突变致148位异亮氨酸被蛋氨酸取代(I148M),使甘油三酯(TG)在肝细胞内代谢障碍,引起TG在肝细胞内沉积,进而引起肝脏的慢性炎症,导致肝纤维化。该基因显著增加HCC发生风险,且独立于年龄、性别、肥胖、糖尿病和肝纤维化[28]。TM6SF2突变使赖氨酸被谷氨酸替代,TM6SF2影响肝脏纤维向肝硬化发展的进程,增加HCC发病风险[29]。最新研究[30]发现,FDNC-5 rs3480小G等位基因过表达可减轻肝纤维化,保护机制具体不明。此外还有许多基因在NAFLD进展为HCC中发挥作用,如锌指蛋白1、跨膜蛋白6超家族成员2超长链脂肪酸延伸酶6基因及许多MicroRNA。
3.6其他危险因素肝脏内异常铁沉积可能增加NAFLD进展为HCC的风险及进度。Sorrentino等[31]发现,NASH相关性HCC患者肝脏内铁沉积高于NASH患者。NASH患者肝脏内铁沉积的增加可能与DNA氧化损伤有关,但铁沉积导致NASH进展为HCC机制仍需更进一步研究。其他危险因素还包括高龄、长期慢性酒精摄入。酒精的摄入使NASH相关性HCC发生率增加3~6倍。最近研究[32]还发现,睡眠呼吸低通气综合征与NAFLD/NASH相关,但与HCC相关性仍未研究。
4 监测
NAFLD-HCC患者大部分在诊断时已处于晚期。Mittal等[33]研究发现,NAFLD-HCC患者在诊断时处于早期即巴塞罗那临床分期(BLCL A级)的概率小于HCV相关HCC患者(5.8%vs15.7%,P=0.04)。Piscaglia等[34]研究发现,多中心前瞻性对照研究也发现,NAFLD-HCC确诊时肿瘤分期常比HCV相关HCC晚。NAFLD-HCC较晚诊断的原因可能为对HCC的监测不完善。意大利研究组[35]发现,由于缺乏监测,NAFLD-HCC诊断时已处于晚期,导致延误了最佳治疗时机及缩短了患者生存时间。对于NAFLD-HCC的诊断,主要有血清学检测、血清肿瘤标记物、B超、CT及病理等,最准确的仍为病理诊断,但由于肝脏穿刺风险较大且费用昂贵,使其对于监测实施较为困难。B超对于肥胖患者较为局限。血清学检测为简单易操作的监测方法。在一项大规模研究中发现,血清中细胞角蛋白-18(CK-18)可作为诊断NASH的独立的诊断标记物[36]。血小板计数(PLT)也可用来评估肝纤维化的程度,在HCV患者中PLT<150 000/μl时,肝纤维化处于F2期,而PLT<192 000/μl及153 000/μl时,在NAFLD患者中分别处于F3期(灵敏度62.7%、特异性76.3%)及F4期(灵敏度80.5%、特异性88.8%)[37]。故NAFLD患者存在PLT<150 000/μl时或许有发展为肝硬化及HCC的风险。一项研究[38]比较19例NASH患者在发展为HCC前后肿瘤标记物AFP及PIVAK-Ⅱ的数值变化,发现NASH进展为HCC后PIVAK-Ⅱ数值明显增高,但AFP变化不大。PIVAK-Ⅱ可能为NASH相关HCC筛查的肿瘤标记物,但仍需进一步研究。NAFLD-HCC患者的监测需进一步研究,尤其是对无肝硬化的患者。
5 预防及治疗
5.1一般治疗规律的锻炼和饮食热量的控制为NAFLD的主要治疗方法,对HCC可能也有作用。一项前瞻性队列研究[39]发现,独立于体质量减轻,身体锻炼可以预防HCC发生。Piguet等[40]将PTEN缺陷小鼠分为运动组和久坐组,经过32周规律运动后发现,运动组肿瘤的数量和体积均小于久坐组。锻炼减少肿瘤细胞增殖的机制可能为锻炼增加了AMPK及底物的磷酸化和降低了雷帕霉素蛋白脂蛋白(mTOR)磷酸化。
NASH患者缺乏维生素E、维生素D。维生素D与肝癌发生密切相关。而食物中另一些抗氧化物(维生素C、硒、辅酶Q12)也被认为具有预防肝癌的作用,地中海饮食可降低HCC发病风险[41]。故结合以上所述,NAFLD-HCC患者可通过食用富含以上微量元素的水果、蔬菜及适当运动来预防HCC发生。
5.2药物治疗他汀类药物、二甲双胍、S-腺苷甲基磺嘌呤为有效的治疗HCC药物。
他汀类药物:多数NAFLD/NASH患者合并高脂血症。有研究[42-43]显示,他汀类药物对肝脂肪变性、NASH及F2-F4纤维化有效,而且他汀类药物可以降低糖尿病患者发生HCC的风险。他汀类对糖尿病患者的保护作用,主要可能与通过抑制JAK途径发挥的抗炎作用相关。最近的一项研究[44]发现,他汀类药物使糖尿病患者HCC发生风险降低63%,且联合使用辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀减少HCC的并发症。
二甲双胍:二甲双胍通过抑制mTOR来发挥抗肿瘤作用。虽然二甲双胍对NASH纤维化无作用,但其在NASH相关性HCC中有作用。最近的一项对17项病例对照研究和32项队列研究的荟萃分析发现,服用二甲双胍使HCC发生率减少50%,而磺脲类及胰岛素使HCC发生率增加62%和161%。在合并肝硬化的HCC患者中服用二甲双胍也可以增加其生存率[45]。
由于HCC生物异质性,危险因素及发病机制仍不明确,目前尚无有效的治疗,但是结合基因组学,研究其潜在分子靶向治疗,可能会为NASH相关性HCC带来新的希望。
5.3手术治疗外科治疗为HCC根治性治疗,主要包括肝切除术、原位肝移植术(orthotopic liver transplantation,OLT)。美国的一项对行OLT的HCC患者随访50个月后发现,NAFLD-HCC与酒精相关HCC患者,无病生存率和总死亡率无明显区别[46]。Wong等[47]也比较了NAFLD、HCV及酒精相关HCC OLT术后1年、3年、5年的生存率,第1年分别为87.5%、88.5%、90.2%,第3年分别为79.8%、73.9%、73.3%,第5年分别为65.5%、65.7%、63.9%,均无明显差异。日本的一项研究[48]发现,肝切除术在NAFLD及HCV、HBV患者总生存率无明显差异,分别为59%、57%、63%。比较上述数据发现,OLT及肝切除术的术后生存率在NAFLD、病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝炎组无明显差异,但研究[49]发现,NAFLD-HCC患者的预后更差,可能与NAFLD-HCC患者大部分诊断时已处于晚期,未得到及时的治疗相关。故加强监测对治疗NAFLD-HCC很重要。
目前,虽然NAFLD-HCC发病率较病毒性肝炎HCC低,但在未来NAFLD可能将超过病毒性肝炎成为HCC主要病因。NAFLD患者长期无症状的临床病程往往导致病情被忽略,需对合并上述危险因素的NAFLD患者进行早期干预,避免进展为HCC,并加强对其监测,提高NAFLD-HCC早期诊断率。现迫切需要进一步研究对NAFLD-HCC的筛检准确性高且简单易操作的方法,尤其是对无肝硬化的NAFLD患者。
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Researchprogressofnon-alcoholicfattyliverdiseaserelatedhepatocellularcarcinoma
WANG Lu, WANG Yuping, ZHOU Yongning
Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, the Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
With the increase of the incidence of obesity and diabetes, the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has important relationship with NAFLD and it will become the main cause of HCC. However, long-term asymptomatic clinical course of nonalcoholic liver disease-hepatocellular carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC) patients often leads to a neglect of the condition and a poor prognosis in the late diagnosis. In order to strengthen the importance of NAFLD-HCC, this paper systematically reviewed the epidemiology, risk factors and mechanisms, surveillance and treatment of NAFLD-HCC.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Obesity; Diabetes mellitus; Surveillance
R575.5
A
1006-5709(2017)10-1116-05
2017-06-09
国家科技惠民计划项目(2012GS620101);国家自然科学基金(81570783);甘肃省自然科学基金(1506RJZA257)
王璐,硕士在读,研究方向:肝脏疾病的临床研究。E-mail:1157443260@qq.com
周永宁,博士后,教授,研究方向:消化系统疾病的临床研究。E-mail:yongnignzhou@sina.com
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.10.012