脑膜癌病分子靶向治疗研究进展
2017-01-15李媛媛何俊瑛郭小肃赵跃韩玮欣卜晖
李媛媛何俊瑛郭小肃赵跃韩玮欣卜晖
·综 述·
脑膜癌病分子靶向治疗研究进展
李媛媛*何俊瑛*郭小肃*赵跃*韩玮欣*卜晖*
脑膜癌病 肺癌 乳腺癌 靶向治疗
脑膜癌病(leptomeningeal carcinomatosis,LC)是指恶性肿瘤细胞转移,弥漫或局灶浸润软脑膜及蛛网膜下腔,是中枢神经系统转移癌的一种特殊类型,原发病灶常来源于肺癌、乳腺癌等,实体肿瘤患者中的发病率约4%~15%[1-2]。临床主要表现为多灶性神经功能障碍,如脑、颅神经和/或脊神经受损症状。脑脊液细胞学检查发现肿瘤细胞是诊断本病的金标准。目前以综合治疗为主,包括鞘内化疗、全身化疗、放射治疗等。近年来,多项临床回顾性研究初步探讨了靶向药物在原发肿瘤不同基因分型LC中的疗效及安全性,靶向药物有望成为LC有效的辅助治疗手段。目前发现肺癌常见驱动基因包括表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变,间变淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)基因重排等[3]。而20%~ 30%乳腺癌患者存在表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)基因扩增[4],研究显示HER2过表达或扩增的乳腺癌患者发生中枢神经系统转移的风险增加[5]。本文将对肺癌、乳腺癌脑膜转移分子靶向治疗进展予以综述。
1 脑膜癌病主要的原发病理类型
非小细胞肺癌 (non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)约占肺癌的80%~85%,研究发现30%~40%亚裔NSCLC患者存在EGFR突变[6]。徐燕等[7]进行的流行病学研究显示,NSCLC脑膜转移的病理类型主要为肺腺癌 (84%~97%),其中43.0%~70.5%患者EGFR基因发生突变。NSCLC患者发生脑膜转移后中位生存期为3.0~4.3个月[8-9],严重影响患者生存质量。
乳腺癌脑膜转移患者较其他实体肿瘤LC患者预后相对好,生存期为3~5个月。临床回顾性分析中,乳腺癌LC患者生存期为15.3周,长于肺癌来源的8.7周[10]。病理类型以浸润性导管癌多见。其中HER2+乳腺癌脑膜癌病虽较少见,但其发病率在增加,预后相对较差[11]。因此,研究作用于相应分子靶点、且对中枢神经系统转移安全、有效的治疗药物具有重要临床价值。
2 分子靶向药物
2.1 EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 EGFR是人表皮生长因子受体家族成员之一。表皮生长因子(EGF)等配体与EGFR结合后能够活化其酪氨酸激酶域,进而激活下游RAS/ RAF/MAPK、PI3K-Akt等信号通路,调控细胞增殖、抗凋亡及迁移作用[12]。EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)可选择性抑制酪氨酸激酶活化,从而抑制相关信号通路,促使肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤侵袭及转移等。
临床常用的 EGFR TKI主要有第一代的吉非替尼(gefitinib)、厄洛替尼(erlotinib),第二代的阿法替尼(afatinib)等。研究表明,若存在EGFR突变,一些NSCLC脑膜癌病患者能够从标准或较高剂量的gefitinib、erlotinib中获益,患者可获得长期缓解(11~12个月)[13-15]。MORRIS等[9]研究9例EGFR突变的脑膜癌病患者(均在某时刻接受了TKI治疗)中位生存期为14个月。同样,PARK等[13]研究14例脑膜癌病患者接受了EGFR TKI治疗,其中位生存期为19.2个月。最近,LIAO等[16]研究也显示EGFR突变的脑膜癌病患者接受EGFR TKI治疗后总生存期为10.9个月,明显长于未接受EGFR TKI治疗的2.3个月(P﹤0.001)。此外,研究者探讨了EGFR不同突变状态的脑膜癌病患者接受EGFR TKI治疗后的预后情况,结果发现,EGFR突变患者较未突变者体力状态明显改善,其中19号外显子突变较21号外显子突变患者预后好,中位生存时间分别为11.0个月和7.1个月[17]。
多项小样本回顾性研究表明EGFR TKI能够使脑膜癌病患者临床获益。EGFR TKI能够透过血脑屏障,但透过率较低 (1%~3%),因而研究者探讨了高剂量EGFR TKI在NSCLC脑膜癌病患者中的治疗作用。一期临床试验结果显示,高剂量gefitinib(750~1000 mg/d)可使57%NSCLC患者神经系统症状得到改善[18],而高剂量 erlotinib(200 mg或300 mg,隔日一次)也被证实能够安全、有效地用于标准剂量EGFR TKI治疗失败的脑膜癌病患者[19]。研究[20]分析比较NSCLC患者脑脊液中erlotinib和gefitinib药物浓度的差异,发现erlotinib较gefitinib具有相对高的脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)渗透率,提示 gefitinib治疗失败的NSCLC脑膜转移患者可应用 erlotinib而取得较好的疗效[21-23]。
鞘内化疗是目前脑膜癌病重要的治疗方法,多项临床研究显示鞘内化疗联合EGFR TKI可显著改善患者生存质量,延长生存期[8,24-25]。脑膜癌病患者血脑屏障受到一定程度破坏,在患者可耐受情况下,全身化疗可以改善患者预后。研究[26]表明,erlotinib联合培美曲赛/顺铂可能成为EGFR突变肺腺癌患者脑膜转移的有效治疗方法。联合治疗的6 例gefitinib耐药的肺腺癌脑膜癌病患者,临床症状均有所改善,其中1例获得完全缓解,中位生存期为9个月。
然而,EGFR突变的NSCLC患者在接受不同疗程的第一代EGFR TKI治疗后最终可发生耐药,获得性耐药的机制主要为发生T790M突变[27],而约1/3耐药患者会发生中枢神经系统转移[28]。
Afatinib是EGFR和HER2酪氨酸激酶的双重抑制剂,为EGFR突变NSCLC患者有效的一线治疗药物,对经EGRF-TKI治疗后仍出现疾病进展的患者有一定疗效,且对中枢神经系统转移也有效。HOFFKNECHT等[29]进行的临床试验表明,Afatinib能够以足够高的药物浓度渗透入中枢神经系统,从而有效治疗中枢神经系统转移,其可能成为具有EGFR突变,且对EGFR-TKI抵抗的非小细胞肺癌患者中枢神经系统转移有效的治疗方法。LIN等[30]报道1例经高剂量erlotinib治疗无效的肺腺癌脑膜癌病患者,接受 afatinib联合西妥昔单抗双重靶向 EGFR治疗 1个月后,头颅MRI病灶部分缓解,且患者神经系统症状好转。
第三代EGFR-TKI如AZD9291,可有效抑制EGFR T790M突变、19号外显子缺失以及L858R敏感突变,而不抑制野生型EGFR。对EGFR-TKI治疗后耐药的EGFR突变肺癌患者也有效[31-32]。NANJO等[33]在小鼠模型中证实AZD9291对第一、二代EGFR-TKI耐药的EGFR突变肺癌脑膜转移有效,有待进一步临床试验研究。
2.2 ALK抑制剂 棘皮动物微管相关类蛋白4(echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4,EML4)与AKL融合基因阳性患者约占NSCLC患者的3%~5%,其中主要为年轻、男性、不吸烟或少量吸烟且EGFR、KRAS为野生型的肺腺癌患者,对EGFR TKI治疗不敏感。
克唑替尼(crizotinib)是第一代 ALK抑制剂,为针对ALK和c-MET酪氨酸激酶双靶点小分子抑制剂,主要通过抑制ALK激酶与ATP的结合及结合后的自身磷酸化,进而降低激酶活性,起到抗肿瘤作用。研究[34]证实,crizotinib对ALK融合基因阳性的NSCLC患者具有较好的临床疗效(有效率65%),患者中位无进展生存期(PFS)为7.7个月。但因crizotinib在中枢神经系统渗透性差,有报道显示其脑脊液-血浆药物浓度比仅为0.0026[35]。OU等[36]研究也表明,46%接受crizotinib治疗的患者最初治疗失败是由于发生脑转移。
第二代ALK抑制剂如alectinib,是一种强效的ALK选择性抑制剂,初步研究表明,alectinib较crizotinib可能具有更高的中枢神经系统渗透率[37],因而,有望成为AKL阳性肺腺癌患者中枢神经系统转移的有效治疗药物[38]。KODAMA 等[37]进行的动物实验中应用alectinib治疗EML4–ALK融合基因阳性NSCLC小鼠颅内移植瘤模型,结果表明alectinib可能对crizotinib治疗后中枢神经系统转移患者有一定疗效。HIDEHIKO等[38]报道的1例AKL阳性肺腺癌患者,经crizotinib治疗产生耐药,并发生脑膜、脊髓转移后改用alectinib治疗3月后肿瘤病灶明显好转。此外,有个例报道色瑞替尼(ceritinib)对crizotinib耐药的ALK阳性脑膜癌病患者治疗有效[39]。
2.3 HER2单克隆抗体 HER2即表皮生长因子受体2,具有酪氨酸激酶活性,通过激活下游PI3K/Akt和Ras/Raf/ Mek/Erk信号通路,参与细胞的增殖。目前研究发现20%~ 30%的乳腺癌患者存在 HER2基因扩增[4],但 HER2基因状态似乎与 LC发病风险的增加无关[5]。曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab)是一种靶向HER2蛋白的重组人源化单克隆抗体,选择性地作用于HER2分子的细胞外部位。由于其分子量较大(185 kDa),较难通过血脑屏障进入脑脊液中。STEMMLER等[40]研究显示血清与脑脊液中trastuzumab的药物浓度比为420:1,而经放射治疗的患者其血脑屏障破坏后该比值升高至76:1。鞘内注射trastuzumab不仅能够以较小的药物剂量获得脑脊液中较高的药物浓度,而且降低了全身用药的毒性作用,因而trastuzumab鞘内给药用于治疗脑膜癌病的相关研究仍在进行。一项系统回顾分析显示,鞘内注射trastuzumab可能成为HER2+乳腺癌脑膜转移安全、有效的治疗选择[41]。最近,PAKR等[42]报道2例HER2+乳腺浸润性导管癌脑膜转移患者经鞘内注射trastuzumab治疗后病情均得到较好控制,生存期分别为20个月及29个月。治疗期间患者神经系统症状明显缓解,脑脊液肿瘤细胞转阴,头颅MRI脑膜结节病灶明显缩小。该研究同时表明,长期 (﹥1年)鞘内注射相对高剂量 (25~50 mg)trastuzumab是安全的,患者未出现严重的认知功能损害。GULIA等[43]同样报道了 2例HER2+乳腺癌 LC患者,她们在接受鞘内注射trastuzumab联合全身化疗治疗一段时间后临床症状明显改善,脑脊液细胞学检查肿瘤细胞消失,且未见主要毒副作用。其鞘注trastuzumab的治疗方案分别为:①50 mg,2次/周,4周,之后50 mg,1次/周,4周,150 mg 3周1次;②150 mg,3周1次。尽管上述病例报告中患者还同时接受全身治疗,不能仅认为是鞘注trastuzumab的疗效,但患者神经系统症状的缓解以及脑脊液肿瘤细胞的转阴都表明其可能成为HER2+乳腺癌脑膜转移有效的治疗选择。目前trastuzumab鞘内给药尚未有标准剂量和治疗方案,尚需进一步研究。
2.4 血管内皮生长因子单克隆抗体 贝伐单抗(bevacizumab)是一种重组人源化单克隆抗体,能够特异性与血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)结合,抑制血管内皮生物活性,减少肿瘤新生血管形成,从而抑制肿瘤生长。多项研究证实,脑膜癌病患者脑脊液/血清中VEGF水平明显升高。初步研究表明,应用bevacizumab治疗脑膜癌病,能够明显降低脑脊液中VEGF的水平,并且能够使54%~73%的脑膜癌病患者获得临床、影像学以及脑脊液缓解[44]。回顾性研究显示其在治疗中枢神经系统转移瘤中是安全的[45]。最近,一项小样本前瞻性临床试验中,应用bevacizumab联合依托泊苷、顺铂治疗8例原发肿瘤为乳腺癌的脑膜癌病患者取得了较好疗效,但其结果尚需进一步试验证实[46]。此外,有案例报道,2例乳腺癌脑膜转移患者接受bevacizumab联合依托泊苷、顺铂治疗,其脑脊液细胞学转阴且神经功能明显改善。因而该联合治疗方案可能成为乳腺癌来源的脑膜癌病患者新的治疗选择[47]。
脑膜癌病是恶性肿瘤患者严重的神经系统并发症,目前主要采用鞘内化疗为主的综合治疗。近年来实体肿瘤靶向治疗不断发展,多项小样本回顾性研究显示,脑膜癌病患者应用靶向药物能够取得较好的临床疗效,因而靶向药物在脑膜转移的治疗中具有一定价值,但因缺乏大规模回顾性研究或前瞻性数据报道,因而有待进一步深入研究。最近研究发现检测脑脊液中游离肿瘤 DNA (cell-free DNA)基因组改变有助于脑膜癌病的诊断,同时可作为一种生物标志物来动态监测肿瘤负荷及指导靶向用药[27,48-49],因而靶向药物的探索将为脑膜癌病的治疗提供新思路。
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R739.45 (
2016-09-13)
A (责任编辑:甘章平)
10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2017.03.011
* 河北医科大学第二医院神经内科(石家庄050000)
(E-mail:buhuimy1@163.com)