胶质瘤的免疫治疗进展
2017-01-13徐小珊涂艳阳
徐小珊,闵 彬,王 震,刘 楠,刘 辉,涂艳阳
(1第四军医大学唐都医院实验外科,陕西西安710038;2空军工程大学门诊部,陕西 西安710050)
胶质瘤的免疫治疗进展
徐小珊1,闵 彬2,王 震1,刘 楠1,刘 辉1,涂艳阳1
(1第四军医大学唐都医院实验外科,陕西西安710038;2空军工程大学门诊部,陕西 西安710050)
0 引言
胶质瘤是最常见的原发性脑肿瘤[1],仅在美国,每年诊断出新发胶质瘤的患者就有12 000例.胶质瘤主要分为四种类型:室管膜瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、混合神经胶质瘤和星形细胞瘤[2].星形细胞瘤进一步被定义为Ⅰ~Ⅳ级,逐级恶化[3].Ⅳ期胶质瘤,多形性胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma multiforme,GBM)是恶性程度最高的一种类型[4].因为肿瘤细胞是从正常细胞衍化而来,很难单一靶向肿瘤细胞而不会引起严重的附带损伤,这在脑部可能会带来致命的损害.即使是在最佳治疗条件下,罹患GBM的患者从诊断之日起的生存期也不超过15个月[5],而且,GBM脑肿瘤术后复发率高,且复发后致死率极高[6-7].这主要是因为手术很难彻底清除癌细胞[8],此外,机体中的胶质瘤细胞能够逃避免疫监视持续存在[9-11],主要原因有以下三点:①肿瘤细胞的免疫原性较弱,多发突变致使肿瘤抗原丢失[12];②肿瘤细胞能分泌多种免疫抑制因子[13],可抑制免疫细胞活力和抗原提呈能力[14];③肿瘤变态生长致使调节T细胞增多,从而抑制抗原提呈细胞功能与机体免疫反应[15];④肿瘤细胞几乎不表达粘附分子和共刺激分子[16].因此,增强机体免疫系统的靶向作用将成为临床上改善胶质瘤疗效的重要手段[17].本文主要根据肿瘤的免疫机制将胶质瘤的免疫治疗分为主动免疫与被动免疫两大类.
1 胶质瘤的主动免疫治疗
主动免疫治疗指的是采用多种免疫方法激活宿主自身免疫系统,进而对肿瘤细胞抗原产生免疫应答[18].在胶质瘤目前的临床治疗中主要分为以下几种.
1.1 树突状细胞疫苗 树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)是专职抗原提呈细胞[19-20],DC 可以将肿瘤抗原从外周血中提呈出来,与组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)组成复合物,从而被免疫细胞识别.由于中枢系统缺乏DC细胞[21],回输DC能有效加强T细胞识别与杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力[22-23].近年来,已有众多研究报道利用热休克蛋白[24]、胶质瘤 RNA 与小囊泡体[25-29]等产物致敏 DC细胞生成 DC疫苗治疗胶质瘤.Yu等[30]发现利用GBM相关的4种抗原致敏DC所得到的疫苗能够有效杀伤胶质瘤干细胞.相关学者发现CIK-DC疫苗在治疗复发性胶质瘤患者的临床试验中也取得了很大进展[31].而且,与 CIK-DC 疫苗比较而言,iAPA-DC疫苗具有更好的临床疗效[32].此外,已有国外学者[33-34]验证了肿瘤抗原致敏的DC细胞在肾细胞癌、恶性黑色素瘤等临床研究中均取得了良好的疗效.
1.2 肿瘤细胞疫苗 Ishikawa 等[35]使用皮下注射福尔马林固定的自体肿瘤细胞的方法治疗新诊断的GBM患者以及复发性GBM患者,然而并没有观察到很好的疗效.Okada等[36]将IL-4转染入成纤维细胞,同时联合胶质瘤患者自身的肿瘤细胞注射到患者的皮下,结果显示,复发性GBM患者的生存期得到延长.Steiner等[37]发现,给胶质瘤患者注射转染了新城病毒的自体肿瘤细胞疫苗可以将39%的患者生存期提高到两年以上.还有研究[34]表明,利用转导TGF-β2反义载体修饰后的自体胶质瘤细胞疫苗可以使患者部分肿瘤消退并激活肿瘤的免疫反应.
1.3 短肽疫苗 短肽疫苗是从肿瘤细胞溶解物中提取出来的,经人工修饰合成的一种特异性蛋白多肽[38].研究[39-40]发现,EGFRVIII特异性表达于胶质瘤细胞,而且它在胶质瘤干细胞中的表达高于普通胶质瘤细胞,因此,它可以作为胶质瘤免疫治疗的靶点之一.Izumoto等[41]进行了一项临床试验,用肿瘤相关的WT-1短肽接种患有复发性GBM的患者,患者的预后无显著改善.仅使用肽单独治疗癌症患者的临床试验几乎没有效果[42],但是联合其它手段治疗较标准疗法疗效有所改善.临床试验[43]表明,用包含EGFRVIII部分氨基酸序列的多肽疫苗联合放化疗及GM-CSF因子治疗胶质瘤,可将患者的平均生存期提高至20个月左右.
2 胶质瘤的被动免疫治疗
肿瘤的被动免疫是指实验对象输入外源性免疫效应物质[44],此种免疫效应物质在宿主免疫功能受损或低下的状态仍能自主发挥治疗作用.此种疗法不依赖于患者自体的免疫功能.
2.1 特异性抗体免疫治疗 利用特异性抗体是靶向体内肿瘤抗原的方法之一.有文献报道,单克隆抗体的免疫治疗在多种癌症患者的临床免疫治疗上都得到了运用[45].有研究者合成了一种能特异性识别EGFRvⅢ的单克隆抗体,其在离体环境下能够介导细胞毒性反应,进而杀死肿瘤细胞[46-47].而且,Perera等[25]也证实了抗EGFRvⅢ的单克隆抗体mAb806能够显著抑制U87异体移植瘤瘤增长,且这种抑制作用随抗体浓度的增加而增加[48].此外,Zalutsky 等[49]利用抗细胞外基质的单克隆抗体联合能发射a射线的211At用于临床上治疗复发性胶质瘤患者,使患者平均生存期延长到12个月.
2.2 细胞因子免疫治疗 细胞因子可以非特异性的激活T细胞,促进其增殖与分化.如IL-2通过促进T细胞增殖来增强细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的活性,从而加强抗肿瘤免疫效应[50].有研究[51-52]证明,IFN-γ,IL-2与IL-7能延长胶质瘤模型兔的生存期.此外,具有类似作用的IL-21目前也已进入治疗黑色素瘤的II期临床试验[53].其它的细胞因子如 TNF-α,IL-15,GM-CSF等也相继被用于临床肿瘤研究中[50].除此之外,还有一些细胞因子具有免疫抑制的功能,如TGF-β,IL-10 等[38].胶质瘤组织中常伴随 TGF-β2 的高表达,TGF-β2能够抑制细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的增殖与活化,从而减弱NK细胞活性,使自体免疫功能受损[54-55].一项临床试验[56]表明,靶向 TGF-β2 的药物能够延缓胶质瘤患者病情的进一步发展.
3 胶质瘤免疫治疗存在的问题
目前,胶质瘤的免疫治疗还处于初步发展阶段,还有很多未知的风险需要探索.由于患者的异质性,临床上缺少个性化的免疫治疗.而且,目前胶质瘤的免疫治疗属于一种新兴治疗手段,还处于科研探索阶段,离产业化还有一段距离要走.最重要的是,回输修饰的免疫细胞治疗所带来的伦理问题急待解决.
4 胶质瘤免疫治疗的展望
大量的实验研究结果表明,在中枢神经系统内存在着免疫应答,且胶质瘤的发生与发展和机体自身的免疫应答能力息息相关.在通过手术切除联合放化疗治疗的基础上,减轻了肿瘤负荷,同时联合各种免疫疫苗制剂,回输免疫细胞治疗,特异性抗体与细胞因子免疫治疗等多种胶质瘤免疫治疗手段,能在一定程度上改善患者的生活质量与预后.未来胶质瘤的免疫治疗能够极大的缓解患者自体免疫逃避和免疫抑制状态,增强化疗药物的疗效,将手术,放化疗与免疫治疗等方法综合起来,根据患者的异质性与病情发展制定个体化的治疗方案,将会为改善胶质瘤的临床疗效带来新的篇章.
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Advances in immunotherapy of gliomas
XU Xiao-Shan1, MIN Bin2, WANG Zhen1, LIU Nan1, LIU Hui1,TU Yang-Yang11Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China;2Department of Out-Patient, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710050,China
Glioma is a common intracranial tumor.In the past century,there is little progress in the clinical treatment of gliomas.Immunotherapy, as a new treatment model, has attracted much attention.The efficacy of immunotherapy for glioma is also controversial.In this article, we will discuss the current status of clinical immunotherapy for glioma,the shortcomings of the present stage, and its future potentiality.
glioma; immunotherapy; shortcomings; potentiality
胶质瘤作为一种颅内常见肿瘤,在过去的一个世纪,其临床治疗方面几乎没有显著的进展.免疫疗法作为一种新兴的治疗模式备受瞩目,关于胶质瘤免疫治疗的效果也有很多争议.本文就胶质瘤临床免疫治疗的现状、现阶段所存在的缺陷,以及其未来的潜力作一综述.
胶质瘤;免疫疗法;缺陷;潜力
R739.41
A
2095-6894(2017)12-89-04
2017-08-10;接受日期:2017-08-28
国家自然科学基金项目(81572983,81702458);陕西省重点研发计划(2017KW-062),陕西省社会发展科技攻关项目(2016SF-191)
徐小珊.硕士.E-mail:275720539@ qq.com
涂艳阳.博士,副主任医师,副教授.E-mail:tu.fmmu@ gmail.com