P27蛋白与头颈鳞状细胞癌△
2017-01-12胡林平滕尧树陈漫漫曾国辉朱瑾
胡林平 滕尧树 陈漫漫 曾国辉 朱瑾
·综 述·
P27蛋白与头颈鳞状细胞癌△
胡林平 滕尧树*陈漫漫 曾国辉 朱瑾*
头颈鳞状细胞癌(HNSCCs)是人体常见恶性肿瘤之一,发病率呈逐年上升趋势,但其发病机制目前尚不清楚。近年来研究发现,细胞核内、外的P27 蛋白异常表达,可通过不同的信号转导机制,在多种HNSCCs细胞的浸润和迁移等病理过程中发挥不同的调控作用,从而影响HNSCCs患者的预后。本文综述P27蛋白在HNSCCs临床病理特征及预后判断中的研究进展。(中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2017,17:68-70)
P27蛋白;头颈鳞状细胞癌;病理机制;预后
头颈鳞状细胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinomas,HNSCCs)作为全球第六大常见的恶性肿瘤,发病率呈逐年上升趋势,恶性程度较高,预后与肿瘤局部复发和淋巴结转移密切相关,但其浸润、转移的分子病理机制目前尚不清楚。 P27 蛋白是由P27基因表达而来,其主要是通过抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin dependent kinases,CDKs)复合物活性,以发挥限制性调节细胞周期进程的作用。近来研究发现,P27蛋白的异常表达参与了HNSCCs细胞的浸润和迁移等病理过程,因而与HNSCCs临床病理特征密切相关。本文综述P27蛋白在HNSCCs的临床病理特征及预后判断中的研究进展,以期为探索HNSCCs的分子病理机制及分子靶向治疗提供新的理论依据。
1 P27蛋白概述
P27蛋白又称细胞周期依赖性激酶抑制蛋白B(cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors B, DKNIB),属于CDKI中的Cip/Kip家族。Polyak等[1]于1994年首次发现,P27蛋白作为一种热稳定蛋白,对细胞周期具有调控作用[2]。P27基因位于染色体12p13,与染色体12p12紧邻[3]。P27蛋白通常位于细胞核,抑制CyclinE/CDK2复合物,从而负性调控细胞周期(从G1期进入S期),而异位于细胞质的P27则被认为是一种促肿瘤因子[4-6]。目前研究发现,P27蛋白是通过关键残基磷酸化来决定其在亚细胞中的定位,其中细胞核P27蛋白S10磷酸化修饰后,在出核因子(chromosome maintenance region 1,CRMI)协助下,促进P27蛋白从细胞核向细胞质输出。细胞质中的P27蛋白在kip1泛素促进复合物(ubiquitin promoting complex,KPC)作用下可发生降解,然而P27蛋白T157和T198磷酸化则使P27蛋白滞留于细胞质[7-9]。在细胞核中,P27 蛋白T187被Cyclin-CDK2复合物磷酸化,然后在SCFskp2作用下发生泛素化降解[9]。另有研究[10-11]发现,泛素连接酶PIRH2(P53-induced RINGH2)对细胞核内和细胞质的P27蛋白均可起到负性调控作用。
分子病理学研究发现,在多种不同类型的肿瘤中,除了细胞核P27蛋白表达下降外,细胞质P27蛋白的表达明显升高,提示细胞质P27蛋白在肿瘤的发生、发展过程中起至关重要的调控作用[12-14]。现研究[15-16]认为,细胞质P27蛋白通过非依赖CDK蛋白机制,发挥促进肿瘤细胞浸润和迁移的作用,其中可抑制Rho信号转导通路,进而促进细胞迁移。动物实验也证实,肿瘤细胞胞质P27蛋白过表达能提高Akt蛋白的水平和稳定性,促进移植瘤模型动物的成瘤[17]。由此可见,细胞质P27蛋白能促进肿瘤细胞的迁移、浸润和转移。
2 P27蛋白在HNSCCs临床病理及预后判断中的研究
目前普遍认为,P27蛋白异常表达参与了人类多种恶性肿瘤的病理生理过程, 且P27蛋白低表达提示肿瘤(如乳腺肿瘤及非小细胞肺癌)患者可能预后不良[18-19]。Kurozumi等[20]通过分析P27Kip1与HER2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)阳性乳腺癌对新型化疗病理完全反应率的相关性,发现P27蛋白低表达可作为HER2阳性乳腺癌患者对新型化疗结合曲妥单抗具有良好病理完全反应率的一个预测指标。然而,P27蛋白表达与HNSCCs临床病理特征之间是否存在关系,目前国内外尚有争议。Shimada等[21]通过研究泛素连接酶PIRH2和P27蛋白表达与HNSCCs患者预后的相关性,发现P27蛋白表达水平与肿瘤大小、病理分期、分化程度呈负相关,与患者生存时间呈正相关,而与淋巴结转移无显著相关性。这可能与泛素连接酶PIRH2部分降解P27蛋白有关。Moreno-Galindo等[22]则认为P27蛋白表达水平与HNSCCs原发部位、TN分级、病理分期及分化程度在统计学上均无显著相关性,但其可作为独立预测化疗敏感度的生物学指标。有学者[23]在研究埃罗替尼治疗头颈部复发或转移性鳞状细胞癌的药效生物学标志物时发现,埃罗替尼治疗后的肿瘤组织中P27蛋白表达下降,且与患者总体生存率改善显著相关,故其可作为埃罗替尼治疗此类患者的预后判断指标。van den Broek等[24]在研究包括P27蛋白在内的分子标志物预测以顺铂为基础同步放、化疗对HNSCCs疗效时发现,P27蛋白表达水平与HNSCCs局部控制率存在相关性。由此可见,P27蛋白可作为临床上预测HNSCCs疗效的重要生物学指标。
2.1 P27蛋白与鼻咽鳞状细胞癌 鼻咽鳞状细胞癌是一个极富地域特色的肿瘤,在中国的南部和东南亚地区高发。有研究发现,P27蛋白表达水平与鼻咽癌临床病理特征密切相关。Hwang等[25]对69例鼻咽癌患者组织标本中P27蛋白表达水平进行检测及分析发现,P27蛋白低表达能促进鼻咽癌的侵袭行为,且与鼻咽癌局部复发存在显著相关性,与鼻咽癌TNM分期、5年生存率等临床特征无显著相关性。但Jiang等[26]研究发现,鼻咽癌组织中P27蛋白表达水平显著低于非肿瘤鼻咽组织,且P27蛋白表达与鼻咽癌T分级、TNM临床分期呈显著负相关,鼻咽癌组织P27蛋白表达水平低下患者的总体生存率明显低于P27蛋白高表达者。另有研究[27]发现,与正常鼻咽组织相比,鼻咽癌组织中细胞质P27蛋白表达水平显著降低,与T分级呈显著负相关,但与淋巴结转移无显著相关性。Liu等[28]研究鼻咽癌组织标本(n=130)中细胞核P27蛋白表达与鼻咽癌临床病理特征的相关性,发现细胞核P27表达水平与T分级和临床分期呈显著负相关,细胞核P27蛋白高表达鼻咽癌患者的总体生存率显著高于细胞核P27蛋白表达缺失患者,且细胞核P27蛋白表达水平与患者生存时间呈正相关。这些研究都表明,细胞核或细胞质P27蛋白可作为预测鼻咽癌患者预后转归的内源性因子。
2.2 P27蛋白与口腔鳞状细胞癌 口腔鳞状细胞癌约占口腔恶性肿瘤的90%,由于其具有较高的局部复发率和远处转移率,患者的5年生存率仍然较低。目前研究发现,口腔鳞状细胞癌组织中细胞核P27蛋白表达显著降低,且P27蛋白表达水平与口腔鳞状细胞癌患者的生存率、淋巴结转移、TNM分期和肿瘤分化程度相关[29-31]。然而,也有学者认为,细胞核P27蛋白表达与口腔鳞状细胞癌临床病理特征之间不存在显著相关性[4,32-34]。Gao等[35]通过对14项研究的1 010例口腔鳞状细胞癌患者临床资料进行荟萃分析进一步证实,P27蛋白表达水平与口腔鳞状细胞癌组织学分级、TNM分期和淋巴结转移密切相关,P27蛋白表达降低提示口腔鳞状细胞癌患者预后不良。由此可见,P27蛋白参与了口腔鳞状细胞癌的发生、发展,但其在口腔鳞状细胞癌病理进程中的作用及其调控机制,仍有待进一步阐明。
2.3 P27蛋白与喉鳞状细胞癌 有研究[36]发现,细胞核P27蛋白低表达多提示喉基底样鳞状细胞癌高侵袭性和预后不良。Bodnar等[37]的一项关于P27蛋白表达与喉鳞状细胞癌淋巴结转移关系的研究发现,细胞核P27蛋白在伴淋巴结转移的喉鳞状细胞癌原发灶组织中表达明显降低[IRS(免疫反应得分) ≤76],提示P27蛋白可能是喉鳞状细胞癌发生潜在淋巴结转移的一个预测指标。关于喉鳞状细胞癌复发与P27蛋白之间的关系,目前尚存在争议。Korkmaz等[38]发现,细胞核P27蛋白虽在早期喉癌中过表达率为36.7%,但其过表达预示该喉癌易发生复发;而Yang等[39]研究发现,在喉鳞状细胞癌复发组中细胞核P27蛋白阳性表达率(20.0%)较未复发组(47.7%)明显降低,提示喉鳞状细胞癌易复发可能与细胞核P27蛋白表达降低有关。因此,对于此类细胞核P27蛋白阴性表达患者术后需密切随访。
2.4 P27蛋白与鼻-鼻窦鳞状细胞癌 关于鼻-鼻窦鳞状细胞癌临床病理与P27蛋白的关系,新近研究较少。Bandoh等[40]通过对70例上颌窦鳞状细胞癌组织标本进行细胞核P27蛋白免疫组织化学染色分析发现,P27蛋白阳性表达病例的凋亡指数(apoptotic index,AI)较P27蛋白表达缺失者明显升高,而P27蛋白的表达水平与无病生存(diease-free survival,DFS)时间之间无显著相关性。Tsou等[41]对内翻性乳头状瘤癌变病例研究发现,癌变病例肿瘤组织中细胞核P27蛋白表达水平较未癌变病例低,差异有统计学意义,提示细胞核P27蛋白低表达对鼻-鼻窦鳞状细胞癌的发生可能有促进作用。
3 总结与展望
HNSCCs发病机制复杂,虽然目前关于P27蛋白表达与HNSCCs临床病理特征及预后之间的关系,尚存在一定争议,但大多数学者普遍认为,P27蛋白是一个评估HNSCCs患者预后的重要生物学标志,其发挥抑癌或促癌作用与P27蛋白的亚细胞定位密切相关。细胞核P27蛋白在肿瘤发生、发展中扮演抑癌因子的角色;而细胞质P27蛋白则发挥促癌作用。然而,关于HNSCCs中P27蛋白亚细胞定位及P27蛋白在HNSCCs生物学行为中的作用及其分子病理机制,目前研究较少,有待进一步深入研究。随着组织芯片技术、免疫共沉淀技术及基因敲除技术等分子生物学方法在分子肿瘤学研究领域中的应用及推广,并结合肿瘤细胞体内外功能实验,将有助于阐明P27蛋白在HNSCCs发生、发展中的作用机制,从而为HNSCCs分子靶向治疗提供新的思路。
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(本文编辑 杨美琴)
Relation of p27 and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
HULin-ping,TENGYao-shu*,CHENMan-man,ZENGGuo-hui,ZHUJin*.
DepartmentofOtorhinolaryngology,theSecondClinicalMedicalCollegeofZhejiangChineseMedicalUniversity,Hangzhou310053,China
ZHU Jin, Email: zhujin2698@163.com
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCs) is one of the common human malignant tumors. Its incidence is increasing year by year, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. The current studies have found that the abnormal expression of P27 molecule in the nucleus and cytoplasm play different regulatory roles in various pathological processes including invasion and migration of HNSCCs cells through different signal transduction mechanisms, which affect the prognosis of patients with HNSCCs. Therefore, this article will review the research progress of P27 protein in the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of HNSCCs. (Chin J Ophthalmol and Otorhinolaryngol,2017,17:68-70)
P27 protein; Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas; Pathological mechanism; Prognosis
浙江省医药卫生科技计划项目(2015KYB292);南京医科大学科技发展基金重点项目(2015NJMUZD087)
浙江中医药大学第二临床医学院 杭州 310053;*浙江省杭州市第一人民医院耳鼻喉科 杭州 310006
朱瑾(Email:zhujin2698@163.com)
10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2017.01.022
2016-04-26)