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胆总管微小结石的影像学诊断

2017-01-12郑明伟

中国中西医结合外科杂志 2017年5期
关键词:胰管胆总管胆道

郑明伟

胆总管微小结石的影像学诊断

郑明伟

胆总管结石是临床常见病,而胆总管微小结石直径较小、具有较大的移动性,常易引发胆绞痛、急性胆管炎和急性胰腺炎,临床确诊较为困难,目前临床常用的影像学检查包括B超、CT、MRCP、ERCP和EUS,对胆总管微小结石的检查各有优势和不足,临床医师对于影像学检查方法的选择应根据病人状况、当地医院设备情况和医师经验水平而定,提高诊断率,为治疗方案的制定提供依据。

超声内镜;胆总管微小结石;诊断

胆总管结石是一种临床中常见的疾病,易引发急性胆源性胰腺炎和急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎,甚至危及生命。胆总管微小结石通常是指直径小于3 mm的沉淀于胆汁中的颗粒状固体物质,主要由胆汁内析出的胆固醇结晶、胆红素钙和碳酸钙颗粒组成,是胆泥逐渐形成胆总管结石的必由阶段[1-3]。

由于胆总管微小结石直径较小,在胆总管内移动较为容易,进而影响胆管括约肌和胰管,引起胆绞痛、急性胆管炎、胆管括约肌功能障碍和急性胰腺炎。研究表明,13%~14.3%的不明原因的上腹部疼痛和急性复发性胰腺炎与胆总管微小结石有关[4-5]。因此,临床上采用合理的影像学检查准确诊断胆总管微小结石显得尤为重要。

1 腹部超声

腹部超声能多切面精确探查胆树,在临床上简便易行,价格便宜,目前已广泛应用于胆胰疾病的筛查。腹部超声对胆总管结石诊断特异性可达92%~96%[6-7]。但是,腹部超声并不能显示胆道系统的立体形态及全貌,且受限于操作者的经验,易于受到胃肠道气体干扰,并且对于肥胖的患者其诊断准确率也受到影响。

胆总管微小结石在超声探测下通常表现为无声影的低回声区,由于胆总管微小结石易于黏附于远端胆管壁,因此腹部超声往往仅能显示无声影,或是提示胆管壁毛糙、增厚,易漏诊。文献报道腹部超声对胆总管微小结石的诊断敏感性为55%~66%[7-9],假阴性结果多来自于肥胖、胃肠道积气的胆总管微小结石患者。

2 腹部CT

CT诊断胆道结石主要依靠密度对比判定,诊断有一定的准确性,敏感性为60%~87%,特异性为97%~100%[10-12]。但对于低密度或等密度结石,由于其钙盐成分少,接近于胆汁密度,尤其是在胆总管不扩张的情况下,可造成漏诊。此外,由于同一结石不同部分密度可能不同,因此CT可能会错误的判断结石大小。

多层螺旋CT(multi-slice spiral CT,MSCT)依靠薄层扫描及强大的图像后处理软件使其不使用胆道对比剂就能产生类似磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)的胰胆管树图像,称为MSCT阴性法胰胆管成像(negative MSCT cholangiopancreatography,N-MSCTCP)。胆总管结石在N-MCSCTCP上直接征象为高密度钙化或软组织密度,周围胆汁环绕,表现同MRCP相似,为梗阻端倒杯口状。N-MCSCTCP诊断胆道结石总的准确度为76.3%~80%,但对胆总管微小结石显示不佳,检出率仅为35.5%~45.1%[13-14]。含钙结石在N-MCSCTCP呈高密度,直径为2 mm的微小结石亦能确诊断,但呈等密度的微小结石N-MCSCTCP诊断比较困难,尤其在胆管扩张不明显时诊断敏感性更低。N-MCSCTCP上不能显示的胆总管结石主要与其体积过小、同周围组织密度相近有关。

3 MRCP

MRCP是诊断胆总管结石的一种非侵袭性检查方式,其优势在于无创安全,而且不需要患者处于镇静状态,也不会有辐射暴露的问题,同时操作简便快速,适应于多数患者,也包括既往行肠道吻合术的患者。英国胆总管结石诊治指南将MRCP及内镜超声(EUS)作为首选的无创检查[15]。

MRCP主要是利用重T2加权的效果,以增强胆胰管内静止的液性结构信号,从而突出胆胰管的细节结构,操作过程中生成多幅图像,并通过计算机重建出胆胰管的三维图像效果,从而多方位多角度的显示胆胰管,具有较好的空间分辨率。胆总管结石在MRCP图像表现为胆道内圆形、类圆形或多边形的充盈缺损,周围绕以高信号的胆汁,嵌顿性结石表现为凸面向上的杯口状充盈缺损,在乳头水平呈新月形,梗阻端上方胆管扩张,胆总管扩张较肝内胆管扩张更为明显。

MRCP作为近些年诊断胆总管结石的主要方式,具有较高的准确性、敏感性及特异性[15-17],堪比十二指肠镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP),同时高于CT[17-19],综合大量文献报[16-22],其敏感性范围在81%~100%之间,特异性约为85%~100%,准确性约为89%~100%。胆总管结石直径的大小是影响MRCP诊断的重要因素,MRCP诊断胆总管结石的敏感性随着胆总管结石直径的缩小,降低非常明显:胆总管结石直径>10 mm时,敏感性为67%~100%;结石直径6~10 mm时,敏感性为89%~94%;结石直径小于6 mm时,敏感性为33%~71%[18,23-24],其原因在于某些模糊图像或伪影的干扰,以及在MRCP检查的过程中,小结石可能发生移动;从MRCP操作原理来说,当扫查层厚大于5 mm时,需要依靠部分容积效应来重建图像,因此就不能完全真实的反映该处组织,当结石直径小于5 mm时,就有可能出现漏诊的情况。同时,有研究报道,对胆源性胰腺炎患者进行胆总管结石的扫查,MRCP的敏感性也较低,约为62%[25]。

为了更好的提高MRCP的诊断效果,大量学者对MRCP技术不断探索。近年有研究报道钆喷葡胺及钆塞酸二钠可有效提高其敏感性及特异性[26-27],但也有文献指出,是否应用造影剂不会对MRCP诊断胆总管结石产生影响[28]。也有文献报道,采用屏气时单次激发半傅立叶采集序列联合相控阵线圈技术、术前消化道准备、屏气练习及MRCP检查中相关参数进行改良,都能提高胆总管结石的检出率[22,29-30]。

但是MRCP也具有一些局限性。首先,MRCP不能对体内含有金属制品的患者进行检查,例如起搏器、手术留在体内的钢钉等,不仅是因为会影响最终的成像效果,更重要的是因为核磁会产生一个强力的磁场,可能导致体内金属的移位,或引起其它损伤。其次,过度肥胖、幽闭恐惧症也能影响MRCP的检查。而且老年患者,往往呼吸配合欠佳,难以获得满意的图像。

总之,MRCP是诊断胆总管结石的有效方式,无创安全,无明显禁忌症,同时具有较高的准确性、敏感性及特异性,但其诊断直径较小结石的效果还有待进一步研究。

4 ERCP

近年来,ERCP被认为是诊断胆总管结石的“金标准”。ERCP检查能清晰显示肝内外胆管全貌,并能在内镜下对十二指肠乳头区黏膜进行直接观察和活检,在检查同时能够进行乳头括约肌切开术、胆道胆总管取石、胆胰管支架置入等操作,达到相应的治疗目的。文献报道,ERCP诊断胆总管结石的敏感性是84%~89%,特异性是97%~100%。但有研究表明,诊断性ERCP对胆总管微小结石的敏感性为89%[31-33],这可能与造影剂浓度过高或胆总管显影不充分有关。Liu等[34]报道70例胆源性胰腺炎患者中6例(8.5%)胆总管微小结石未能诊断。

值得注意的是,ERCP是一项侵入性操作,成功率约为95%,且有出现并发症的可能,文献报道并发症发生率为4%~4.95%,常见并发症包括急性胰腺炎、消化道出血和穿孔等,严重者甚至危及生命。同时,ERCP包括相应的EST等操作可能会对十二指肠乳头括约肌在场不可逆的影响,远期出现胆管反流、胆道感染等并发症[35-37]。而且,对于胃旁路手术、胆肠吻合术等解剖异常患者难以顺利完成ERCP手术。此外,ERCP需要熟练的内镜医师和相应的设备,这限制了ERCP在基层医院开展。因此,尽管ERCP诊断胆总管微小结石具有较高的敏感性和特异性,诊断性ERCP不推荐作为首选诊断方案[38]。

5 EUS

EUS是将内镜与高分辨率的超声显像相结合,超声探头可贴近胃肠道扫查胆胰系统,由于避开腹壁脂肪和胃肠气体干扰,所以能近距离清晰显影,大大提高了胆总管结石的诊断率,特别是微小结石。多项前瞻性研究报道,超声内镜诊断胆总管结石敏感性84%~100%,特异性90%~100%[32,39-42]。EUS对胆总管微小结石诊断率较其它影像学检查具有一定优势。Mirbagheri等[43]前瞻性评估35例腹部超声正常的上腹部疼痛患者,其中33例EUS发现胆道微小结石。Sugiyama等[44]报道对于3~5 mm的胆道结石,EUS较MRCP有更高的敏感性。多项研究表明,EUS对于胆总管微小结石的诊断率高于MRCP和ERCP[18,45-46]。

EUS是一种安全、无辐射的诊断方法,极少出现操作相关并发症,而且在ERCP术前行EUS可避免不必要的ERCP操作所造成的痛苦及并发症。但对于幽门、十二指肠狭窄及胃空肠吻合术后的患者,由于解剖因素探头无法到达十二指肠降段操作无法完成。且EUS对器械及操作者的要求较高,因此广泛开展受到一定限制。

综上所述,临床常见影像学检查对胆总管微小结石的诊断各有优劣,临床医生应根据本单位医疗条件选择适当的检查方法。尽管目前尚缺乏大宗病例的随机对照研究,但多种方法的联合诊断无疑可以提高BML的诊断率,为临床治疗提供可靠依据。

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R657.4+2

A

1007-6948(2017)05-0572-04

10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2017.05.034

天津市南开医院微创外科(天津300100)

郑明伟,E-mail:zhengmw95@sohu.com

(收稿:2017-07-26 修回:2017-09-20)

(责任编辑 石承先)

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