形形色色话代词
2017-01-05刘红
刘红
英语中的代词可以说是种类繁多,变化多端。按其意义、特征及在句子中的作用可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词,共七大类。其中,人称代词还有主格和宾格之分,物主代词还有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。因此,说代词种类繁多,变化多端一点都不为过。
一、人称代词
人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用作主语,宾格用作宾语或表语;有单数和复数之分,单数指代一个人或物,复数指代一些人或物。英语中的人称有三种:第一人称、第二人称和第三人称。人称代词可以简单归纳为:
[人 称\&单 数\&复 数\&主 格\&宾 格\&主 格\&宾 格\&第一人称\&I\&me\&we\&us\&第二人称\&you\&you\&you\&you\&第三人称\&he\&him\&they\&them\&she\&her\&it\&it\&]
人称代词的具体用法如下:
1. 人称代词主格在句中做主语。如:
She is my English teacher. 她是我的英语老师。
Its a find day, isnt it? 今天是个好天气,不是吗?
They are my parents. 他们是我的父母。
You are my best friend. 你是我最好的朋友。
2. 人称代词宾格在句中做宾语和表语。如:
Please tell him to get to the school on time. 请告诉他按时到校。
Are you for it or against it? 你是赞成还是反对?
If I were you, I would take the advice. 如果我是你,就会接受这个建议。
3. 人称代词做并列主语时,I总是放在最后,you一般放在最前。如:
You and I are both fifteen years old. 你和我都是15岁。
She and I are both from the countryside. 她和我都来自农村。
You, he and I have never been to America. 你、他和我都从来没有去过美国。
【链接中考】
1. (2016年淮安卷) Tomorrow is our teachers birthday and we are going to give ____ a big surprise.
A. his B. him
C. he D. himself
2. (2016年河北卷) Thanks for inviting ____ to dinner, Nancy. I really enjoyed it.
A. her B. him
C. you D. me
3. (2016年泰安卷) I found ____ had changed a lot when I went to my hometown again.
A. there B. it
C. he D. this
4. (2016年北京卷) My brother will come to see me tomorrow. I will meet ____ at the airport.
A. her B. you
C. him D. them
5. (2016年上海卷) The retired couple have decided to go to college. Its time for ____ to begin a new life.
A. they B. them
C. their D. theirs
6. (2016年天津卷) I cant find my ticket. I think I have lost ____.
A. it B. one
C. this D. them
Key:
1~5 BDBCB 6. A
二、物主代词
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。根据其句法作用,物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。其具体形式见下表:
[人 称\&单 数\&复 数\&形容词性物主代词\&名词性物主代词\&形容词性物主代词\&名词性物主代词\&第一人称\&my\&mine\&our\&ours\&第二人称\&your\&yours\&your\&yours\&第三人称\&his, her, its\&his, hers, its\&their\&theirs\&]
物主代词的具体用法如下:
1. 形容词性物主代词在句中做定语。如:
My father is a policeman. 我爸爸是警察。
Who is your maths teacher? 谁是你的数学老师?
Their ideas have already changed. 他们的想法已经变了。
2. 名词性物主代词在句中做主语、宾语或表语。如:
Mikes bike is red, but yours is white. 迈克的自行车是红色的,但你的是白色的。
His is a quite colorful life. 他的生活是多姿多彩的。
—Whose dictionary is this? 这是谁的字典?
—Its mine. 是我的。
3. 形容词性物主代词与own连用表示强调。如:
I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼所见。
Mind your own business. 不要多管闲事。
【链接中考】
1. (2016年连云港卷) The Rio 2016 Olympic torch (火炬) began ____ 95-day journey in Brazil on May 3rd.
A. it B. its
C. its D. itself
2. (2016年攀枝花卷) —Excuse me, whose bag is it? I found it in the waiting room.
—Oh, its ____. Thanks.
A. me B. my
C. myself D. mine
3. (2016年绵阳卷) Its a good habit of ____ to read something before going to bed.
A. I B. me
C. my D. mine
4. (2016年陕西卷) Good words can touch not only your heart, but also ____.
A. I B. my
C. myself D. mine
5. (2016年重庆A卷) —Do you like watching ping-pong matches?
—Yes, and ____ favorite ping-pong player is Ma Long.
A. we B. us
C. our D. ours
6. (2016年重庆B卷) To my surprise, he sold ____ house at such a low price.
A. he B. him
C. his D. himself
Key:
1~5 BDDDC 6. C
三、反身代词
反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词。它的基本含义是:通过反身代词指代主语,使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性质、数上保持一致,比如我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己等。反身代词的形式见下面的表格:
[人 称\&单 数\&复 数\&第一人称\&myself\&ourselves\&第二人称\&yourself\&yourselves\&第三人称\&itself\&themselves\&herself\&himself\&]
反身代词的具体用法如下:
1. 反身代词在句中做宾语、表语、同位语等。如:
Please enjoy yourself at the party. 请在聚会上尽情享受。(宾语)
He made the model planes himself. 他自己做的飞机模型。(同位语)
Be yourself, please. 请自然一点儿。(表语)
2. 反身代词可以构成某些固定词组,表示固定的含义。如:
Youd better shave yourself once a day. 你最好每天刮一次脸。(shave oneself “剃须、刮脸”)
Why did Tom absent himself from school this morning? 汤姆今天早上为何没去上学?(absent oneself “不在、缺席”)
She teaches herself English every day. 她天天自学英语。(teach oneself “自学”)
My brother learned to swim by himself. 我弟弟自学游泳。(learn by oneself “自学”)
Help yourself to some fish, children. 请随便吃些鱼,孩子们。(help oneself to“随便吃/用”)
They enjoyed themselves on the beach yesterday. 他们昨天在海滩上玩得很愉快。(enjoy oneself “玩得愉快”)
The boy often loses himself into the computer games. 这个男孩经常沉迷于电脑游戏。(lose oneself into“沉迷于……”)
He said he wanted to finish the work by himself. 他说他想独自完成工作。(by oneself “独自、亲自”)
The old man came to himself with the doctors help. 在医生的帮助下,老人终于醒了过来。(come to oneself “苏醒”)
I fell off my bike and I hurt myself badly. 我从自行车上摔了下来,并且受伤严重。(hurt oneself “受伤”)
【链接中考】
1. (2016年济宁卷) —What a nice model plane!
—Thanks. I made it with 3-D printer by ____.
A. me B. him
C. itself D. myself
2. (2016年盐城卷) My cousin Andrew is crazy about doing many things by ____.
A. herself B. himself
C. him D. her
3. (2016年自贡卷) —Did you make the kite ____, kids?
—No, our uncle made it for us.
A. yourselves B. yourself
C. themselves
4. (2016年达州卷) —Would you please come to play soccer with me?
—Sorry! My 5-year-old brother cant look after ____.
A. him B. himself
C. his D. he
5. (2016年衡阳卷) On the way to Mount Heng, the scenery was so beautiful that all of us lost ____ in it.
A. myself B. themselves
C. ourselves
Key:
1~5 DBABC
四、相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫作相互代词。英语中相互代词只有两个,即each other和one another,它们的意思都是“相互”。
相互代词的具体用法:
1. 相互代词只用作宾语,不用作主语,所以对于以相互代词做宾语的句子通常不能变为被动语态。如:
We should help each other at school. 在学校我们应该互相帮助。
The children made faces at one another. 孩子们互相做鬼脸。
2. 相互代词的所有格在句中做定语。如:
They know each others weak points. 他们了解彼此的缺点。
The two old men often call one anothers nickname when they meet. 这两位老人见面时常常互相喊绰号。
五、指示代词
指示代词是表示指示概念的代词,即用来指示或标识人或事物的代词。指示代词与定冠词和人称代词一样,都具有指定的含义,用来起指示作用,或用来代替前面已提到过的名词。指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可做限定词又可做代词。
指示代词的具体用法如下:
1. 指示代词this,that,these,those可在句中做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。如:
This is my mother. 这是我妈妈。(主语,指人)
Is that your bike? 那是你的自行车吗?(定语)
I want to buy all these books. 我想买所有的书。(定语)
I will keep this in mind. 我会记住这一点的。(宾语,指事物)
He said he didnt want that much. 他说他不需要那么多。(状语)
Its not that. 不是那回事。(表语)
2. 指示代词this和these指时间与空间上较近的事物;that和those指时间与空间上较远的事物。如:
This book is mine and that one is yours. 这本书是我的,那本书是你的。(表示空间)
He didnt come back that night. 那天晚上他没有回来。(表示时间)
What are you going to do this evening? 你今晚打算干什么?(表示时间)
3. that和those指代前面提到过的事物,this和these指代随后要讲的事物。如:
All those problems have been solved. 那些问题都已经解决了。
We must finish all these work this week. 这周我们必须完成所有工作。
【链接中考】
(2014年呼和浩特卷) —The cars made in Germany are more expensive than ____ made in Japan.
—Yes, you are right.But theyre much better.
A. those B. that
C. ones D. it
Key: A
六、疑问代词
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指人:who, whom, whose;
指物:what;
既可指人又可指物:which。
疑问代词的具体用法:
1. 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可用作限定词。如:
What is your name? 你叫什么名字?
Which room is yours? 哪个是你的房间?
Whom / Who are you going there with? 你要和谁一起去?
Whose book is this? 这是谁的书?
2. 无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内。如:
Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个女孩?
What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的女孩?
3. who通常做主语和表语,whom做宾语。但是在实际运用中,通常可以用who来代替whom,但whom不能代替who。如:
Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁?(做介词宾语,置句首)
Who is speaking? 是哪一位(打电话)?
【链接中考】
1. (2016年东营卷) —____ is your father?
—Hes an engineer in a big factory.
A. Who B. What
C. Which D. Where
2. (2016年菏泽卷) —____ teachers will you miss the most after junior high school, Lisa?
—Ms. Lee and Mr. Hunt.
A. Whose B. Which
C. What
3. (2016年青岛卷) —____ do you usually share happiness with?
—My parents and my best friend.
A. Who B. Whose
C. What D. How
Key:
1~3 BBA
七、关系代词
关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中做相应的句子成分。关系代词有主格、宾格和所属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等,在定语从句中做主语、宾语、定语等。
关系代词的具体用法:
1. 当先行词指人时,若在从句中做主语,则用who或that;若在从句做宾语,则用whom / who或that,但可以省去;若在从句中做定语,则用whose。如:
The man who / that is standing under the tree is my uncle. 站在树下的那个人是我叔叔。(主语)
Do you know the woman whom / who / that our English teacher is talking with? 你认识那位正在和我们英语老师谈话的女士吗?(宾语)
The girl whose bike was lost is crying. 那个丢了车的女孩在哭呢。(定语)
2. 当先行词指物时,若在定语从句中做主语或宾语,则用that 或which(若先行词是不定代词,则用that而不用which);若它在定语从句中做定语,则用whose。如:
This is the village that / which I visited last year. 这就是我去年参观过的村庄。
He is reading a book that / which was written by Mo Yan.他正在读一本莫言写的书。
Hes written a book whose name Ive forgotten. 他写了一本书,书名我给忘了。
【链接中考】
1. (2016年河南卷) Theaters may have a brighter future if they can provide a movie experience ____ people cannot get at home.
A. that B. who
C. whom D. what
2. (2016年随州卷) The policeman has caught the thief ____ stole Mr. Lis wallet.
A. whose B. who
C. whom D. which
3. (2016年广东卷) Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years. Everything ____ comes into sight is so new to me.
A. that B. which
C. who D. whom
Key:
1~3 ABA
八、不定代词
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词,在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语。不定代词的常见用法如下:
1. 有些不定代词用于指“两者”,如both, either, neither等;有的不定代词用于指“三者及以上”,如all, any, none, every等。请大家注意不要混淆。如:
They are both from Britain. 他们两个人都来自英国。
All of the students are interested in it. 所有学生都对此很感兴趣。
There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。
Neither of the answers is right. 两个答案都不对。
None of students is in the classroom. 教室里一个学生也没有。
2. 复合不定代词包括something, somebody,someone,anything,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,everything,everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。一般来说,以some开头的复合不定代词通常用于肯定句中;在否定句中,用以no开头的复合不定代词;在否定句和疑问句中,通常要用以any开头的复合不定代词。注意,不定代词做主语时,谓语要用单数。如:
There must be something wrong with the boy. 那个男孩一定生病了。
If you dont tell anything about it, no one will know it. 如果你不告诉我,没人会知道它的。
Im very busy. Id like someone to help me. 我很忙。我希望有人能帮助我。
Dont worry. There is nothing wrong with you. 不要担心,你没事。
Someone is waiting for you at the school gate. 有人在学校门口等你。
【链接中考】
1. (2016年临沂卷) Water is important to ____, so there are many water festivals around the world.
A. everyone B. nobody
C. somebody D. something
2. (2016年巴中卷) —Would you like an apple or a pear?
—____. I really dont mind.
A. Both B. Either
C. Neither
3. (2016年温州卷) Although he suffered a lot from his foot problem, ____ could stop him from finishing the race.
A. nothing B. something
C. anything D. everything
4. (2016年河南卷) —What a bad day!
—Everyone has one of those days when ____ goes right.
A. nothing B. anything
C. everything D. something
5. (2016年广东卷) —I am a little hungry, Daddy.
—See the cupcakes on the plate? But you can only take ____. Dinner is ready soon.
A. it B. one
C. this D. that
6. (2016年武汉卷) —Therere four bedrooms in the house, ____ with its own shower.
—Thats what I want. Ive got a few kids.
A. either B. neither
C. each D. none
Key:
1~5 ABAAB 6. C