完形填空，空空有玄机

徐启富+刘芬

一、了解完形填空

完形填空主要是“3选1”和“4选1”：从某一语篇中删除若干词语，形成文章中的空格，每个空格提供3至4个答案，其中包括1个正确答案，让学生挑选出正确的一个。完形填空的题目数量通常是10个小题，有的设置15个小题（如2016年江西卷），也有个别地区设置6个小题（如2016年上海卷）。

【真题再现1】（2016年河南卷完形填空） A man feared his wife wasnt hearing as well as she used to and he thought she might need some hearing aid （助听器）. Not quite sure how to

36 her， he called the family doctor to discuss the problem. The doctor told him there was a simple test the husband could do to give the doctor a better 37 of her hearing loss.

“Heres what you do，” said the doctor. “Stand about 40 feet away from her and in a 38 conversational speaking tone （音调） see if she hears you. If not， go to 30 feet， then 20 feet， and so on 39 you get a reply.”

That evening， the wife was in the 40 ， and he was in the yard. He said to himself， “Im about 40 feet away， and let me see what will happen.” Then in a usual tone he asked， “Honey， whats for dinner？”

No 41 .

So the husband moved closer to the kitchen， about 30 feet from his wife and asked， “Honey， whats for dinner？”

42 no reply.

Next he moved into the dining room where he was about 20 feet from his wife and 43 ， “Honey， whats for dinner？”

Again he got no reply. He walked up to the kitchen door， about 10 feet away. “Honey，whats for dinner？” Again there was no reply.

So he 44 right up behind her， “Honey， whats for dinner？”

“Chicken， James， for the 45 time Ive said that.”

36. A. save B. help

C. face D. guide

37. A. choice B. excuse

C. idea D. suggestion

38. A. loud B. strange

C. special D. usual

39. A. until B. before

C. when D. as

40. A. toilet B. garden

C. kitchen D. dining room

41. A. dinner B. way

C. move D. reply

42. A. Still B. Even

C. Just D. Almost

43. A. laughed B. repeated

C. thought D. added

44. A. ran B. stood

C. walked D. jumped

45. A. second B. third

C. fourth D. fifth

【参考答案与解析】

这篇文章讲的是一对老年夫妻的故事。丈夫担心妻子的听力不如从前，就按医生指点的方法对她进行测试。然而，测试的结果是他自己的听力出了问题。

36. B。丈夫担心妻子的听力下降，又不知道怎么帮她。

37. C。idea是“想法、主意” 的意思。这里表达的是“让医生更好地了解她听力下降的情况”。

38. D。医生要求丈夫用普通的（usual）讲话音调对妻子进行测试。

39. A。一直往前走直到（until）你听到回答。

40. C。根据下文“So the husband moved closer to the kitchen.”可以判断答案。

41. D。第41题和第42题的答案相互关联。

42. A。still意为“仍然”。

43. B。repeat相当于say again。

44. C。他直接走进厨房。

45. D。从40 feet到10 feet就是四遍，老人最后走到妻子身后再问一遍，一共问了五遍。

【真题再现2】（2016年菏泽卷完形填空） The book I read is A Picture to Remember by Sarah Scott-Malden. It is 31 a girl called Christina. One day， when she was waiting at the traffic lights， she 32 two men with a gun in a car next to her. They were bank robbers （抢劫者） and she saw 33 faces. They didnt want her to tell the police， so they planned to kill her.

At first， one of the robbers attacked （攻击） Christina near the park， but 34 she only got her arm hurt slightly. After she called in her friend， Philippe for help， they were 35 in the street when the robbers drove their car into them. Philippe was 36 seriously and had to go to hospital.

When Christina visited Philippe and left the 37 ， the robbers followed her. Christina saw that they had a gun and understood 38 they wanted to do. She was scared， but she kept calm. The robbers were close behind her， but they were driving 39 fast that they couldnt stop the car and it turned over， so the police caught 40

robbers. Thats the end of the story.

31. A. about B. of

C. with

32. A. heard B. noticed

C. felt

33. A. their B. his

C. her

34. A. badly B. terribly

C. luckily

35. A. working B. hurrying

C. laughing

36. A. saved B. hurt

C. killed

37. A. hospital B. school

C. bank

38. A. that B. what

C. which

39. A. so B. very

C. too

40. A. all B. either

C. both

【参考答案与解析】

这是一个关于一个女孩帮助警察抓到两个银行抢劫犯的故事。女孩的机智勇敢令人感动。在命题人对原文的改写过程中，这篇文章的部分信息稍有缺失，读起来的流畅感稍显不足。

31. A。about意为“关于”。

32. B。notice意为“注意到”。

33. A。their代指“两个劫匪的”。

34. C。luckily意为“幸运地”。

35. B。

36. B。两个劫匪开车撞向他们，Philippe受伤。

37. A。Christina看望Philippe后离开医院。

38. B。这是一个考查语法知识的题，what在这里引导宾语从句。

39. A。这也是一个考查语法知识的题，so … that引导结果状语从句。

40. C。文章开头交代的是“两个”劫匪，这里应该选both。

【真题再现3】（2016年上海卷完形填空） Last month， Mr. and Mrs. Walter moved to a small town because they both retired from work and wanted to live a peaceful life. After being there for a short time， Mrs. Walter 75 to her next-door neighbour. She told him about the poor service she received at the local convenient store. She was hoping the neighbour would repeat her dissatisfaction to the store owner.

The next day the newcomer went to the store. 76 greeted her with a big smile. He told her how happy he was to see her again， and said he hoped she liked their town. He also offered himself as a resource to Mrs. Walter and her husband as they got settled. Then he took care of her order 77 .

Mrs. Walter was very surprised. When she got home， she reported the big 78 to her neighbour. “I suppose you told him how poor I thought the service was，” she guessed.

“Well， no，” the neighbour said. “ 79 —and I hope you dont mind—I told him you were amazed at the way he had built up this small town store， and that you thought it was one of the best-run stores youd ever seen.”

Mrs. Walters neighbour 80 that people want to be respected. Actually， most people will do nearly anything for you if you treat them respectfully. That means making it clear to them that their feelings are important， and their opinions are precious.

75. A. explained B. apologized

C. listened D. complained

76. A. Mr. Walter B. Mrs. Walter

C. The owner D. The neighbour

77. A. quickly B. sadly

C. angrily D. easily

78. A. success B. change

C. decision D. idea

79. A. For example B. At least

C. In fact D. After all

80. A. understood B. forgot

C. pretended D. denied

【参考答案与解析】

这是一篇关于一对退休夫妻搬到一个安静的小镇之后的故事。通过描述Mrs. Walter对小镇便利店的抱怨，到她改变对店主人的看法，最后文章总结出一个道理：人们需要互相尊重。

（文章有244个词，但仅设了6个空，这在中考试题中是不多见的）

75. D。从下文可以看出，Mrs. Walter是在抱怨便利店的服务不好。

76. C。店主人和Mrs. Walter热情打招呼。

77. A。店主人快捷地为她服务。

78. B。Mrs. Walter对店主人如此巨大的变化感到很惊奇。

79. C。邻居如实地把他对店主人说的一番话告诉了Mrs. Walter。

80. A。邻居之所以这么做是因为他懂得人们需要互相尊重。

二、驾驭完形填空

完形填空设空有一定的规律性。一般说来大都是均衡分布，各空之间的距离大致相当，通常的空间距一般在5～11个单词，不连续设空。答案关系过于密切时，只选其中一个设空。如果将两个相互依存、关系密切的单词或短语都设为选项，就会形成“错一个等于错两个，对一个等于对两个”的现象。

语篇的起始句一般不设空。文章的首句通常是提供本题信息的起点，是考生观察全文的窗口，对其熟悉语境、推测文章大意等起着关键性的作用。语篇的尾句一般也不设空，便于考生根据首尾句整体把握文章的意思。

以上这些都是形式上的特点。再从内容上看，完形填空的设空具有以下特点：

（一）语境为主，鲜见语法

完形填空的大部分题目需从全文角度出发，根据前后语境或行文逻辑作出判断，体现了“突出语篇”的命题风格与考查要求。它要求考生根据文章的整体内容，从层次结构和内容的逻辑关系，去选择符合文章情节的答案。这就决定了试题的设空要以情景意义为主线。如果孤立地看所给选项，无论将哪个答案填进去，从语法上说都是正确的。所以要排除错误答案，只能根据全文的内容和情节的发展，使所选答案能满足为文章中心内容服务的需要。

由于情景意义选择填空的需要，每一空的几个备选项往往词性相同（即：如果是副词，则都是副词；如果是动词的过去分词，则都是过去分词等）。即使个别小题中几个备选项的词性不同，其语法功能也往往是一样的。

完形填空中单独考查语法知识的选项虽然鲜见，但每个选项的词或词组都以一定的语法形式在句中出现，因此有些选项既考查词义，又考查词法、句法，某些选项同时还考查语义辨析。总之，完形填空题充分考查了英语语法知识及运用能力。完形填空通常不设单纯的语法题目（除2016年广州卷外），但扎实的英语语法基础知识是我们准确把握句子结构，理解句子意义，进而掌握篇章结构，理解文章要旨的前提。

【真题再现4】（2016年宜昌卷完形填空节选） My father was a self-taught mandolin （曼陀林琴） player. He was one of the best players in our town. He could not 41 music， but if he heard a tune （曲子） a few times， he could play it. When he was young， he was a 42 of a small country music band. They played at local dances and the radio station.

41. A. express B. raise C. read D. lead

42. A. dancer B. member

C. driver D. friend

【参考答案与解析】

41. C。read music 意为“识谱”。

42. B。a member of意为“……的成员”。

（二）实词为主，虚词为辅

完形填空命题是在一句话中的关键词语上做文章，考点主要选择实词，名词、动词、形容词、副词等占90%以上。当然，也不排除虚词（如介词、连词等）作为考点，这些词往往影响语言结构，突出的是语法问题。同学们必须在词法或语言结构上下功夫，进行语法选择。

【真题再现5】（2016年烟台卷完形填空节选） “Can I see my baby？” asked the new happy mother. Unluckily she found her baby had been 31 without ears when it was in her arms.

Time proved that the babys 32 was perfect. He got on well with his classmates. But one day， he rushed home and said to his mother 33 tears in his eyes， “A boy， a big boy 34 me a freak （怪胎）.”

31. A. active B. dead

C. born D. awake

32. A. speaking B. hearing

C. writing D. reading

33. A. of B. in

C. around D. with

34. A. called B. asked

C. said D. told

【参考答案与解析】

31. C。be born的意思是“出生”，文中使用的是过去完成时。

32. B。尽管没有耳朵，但孩子的听力正常。

33. D。with tears in his eyes做伴随状语。

34. A。call sb. sth.的意思是“把某人叫作什么”。

（三）注重选材，突出理解

根据完形填空命题需要，选材以记叙文为主，说明文也有出现。记叙文主要包括幽默故事、名人传记、事件叙述等。内容情节深刻，常涉及人物心理活动的细节描写，文章的结构变化丰富多彩。这样便于从理解上下文的角度进行考查，主要体现在上下文暗示和上下文限定，充分考查学生的英语阅读能力和理解能力。

阅读能力包括：快速阅读掌握文章大意的能力；分析文章结构及各层次之间逻辑关系的能力；分析归纳和推理判断能力；把握主要细节、重点信息和关键词的能力。

理解能力包括：在特定的语境中对词语意义的理解能力；对单句句意的理解能力；对含有连词的并列句、复合句意义的理解能力；对段落大意的理解能力；对文章整体的理解能力；把握作者意图的能力；对文章表层和深层含义的理解能力。

（四）把握整体，设置干扰

完形填空题中干扰项的设置，一般与语法结构无太大关系，而重在文义干扰。某些选项从全文整体意义上看，可能都说得过去。这就需要我们考虑文章内容的具体情景，或是选项词语的习惯用法或细微的意义差别，才能确定最佳答案。一般说来，一篇完形填空总有几个小题有这种情况。比如，4个选项中，有2个较容易排除，剩下的2个词语在意义上和用法上比较接近，干扰性很强，迷惑性很大，难以“排除一项，选定一项”。

【真题再现6】（2016年江西卷完形填空节选） In the late 1970s， Erno Rubik， a professor was looking for a 40 way to teach his students about 3-D objects. He 41 a six-color plastic object that would be called the Rubiks Cube （魔方）. The goal was to get each side of the cube a 42 color. It was very challenging. It took a few years for the toy to become popular， but then 43 ， in 1982， it seemed everyone had one.

40. A. creative B. difficult

C. traditional D. common

41. A. found B. bought

C. invented D. borrowed

42. A. strange B. dark

C. bright D. different

43. A. suddenly B. slowly

C. exactly D. seriously

【参考答案与解析】

40. A。联系教授要教的3-D objects，“传统的”和“普通的”方法肯定不行。再看下文，应该可以判断答案是creative。

41. C。Rubiks Cube这个东西前所未有，是教授“发明”的，所以选C。

42. D。从一般的常识就可以判断正确答案是D，因为一般的魔方每一面的颜色都是不一样的。

43. A。通过but这个词可以判断这里是一个比较大的意思转折，B、C、D三项放进句子里体现不出这种转折，只有“突然”可以很好地表达此意，故选A。

三、突破完形填空

提高完形填空的解题能力绝非一朝一夕之功。同学们应该注意语言知识的积累和归纳，熟记习惯用语和固定搭配，了解跨文化交际常识，注意行文的前后语境和逻辑关系，这是成功答题的基本保证。

（一）利用首句，合理联想

完形填空所选短文一般无标题，文章的首句（有时是首段）往往是引领全文的主题句，或者引出主题思想的相关内容，是我们了解文章全貌的“窗口”，所以我们要充分利用语篇的首句进行合理联想。多数短文的首句或首段都点明了话题，或限定了人物活动和事件发生的时间和地点。如果很容易看懂第一段的第一句话，接着便可以迅速往下看。要是第一句话费解，不容易看懂，不妨看其他段落的首句以及最后一句，以便能对全文有大致的了解，心中有一个做题的方向。

【真题再现7】（2016年江西卷完形填空节选） Things like Hula hoops （呼啦圈） used to be very popular. Did you ever own any of these？ If you didnt， dont feel too bad. They were all fads. A fad is something that becomes very 36

among a large number of people， but only for a short time.

36. A. useful B. popular

C. valuable D. relaxing

【参考答案与解析】

36. B。文章开头叙述过去呼啦圈很受欢迎，结合上下文可知fad是“一时流行的狂热”。

（二）通读全文，了解大意

在看清首句或首段的基础上，稳定情绪，迅速浏览全篇，捕捉文章的中心，不为空白处纠缠。这期间，需要根据上下文，有时还要参照各选项所提供的信息进行理解。如果是故事性文章，时间、地点、人物就是关键词。我们抓住了关键词就抓住了故事的线索，就能理解全文。若读一遍仍无法了解大意，可重读一遍。

（三）细读全文，边读边填

了解整个语篇之后，联系句子所处上下文进行推理和判断，从而正确理解每个句子的句意及其相互联系。每填一空都应注意形义恰当和前后照应。答题时应注意：瞻前顾后、综合分析和多角度思考。具体地讲，惯用法或习惯搭配、词义及其用法、上下文语境、逻辑推理，有时甚至是常识（常识已逐渐不作为考点）都是答题的重要依据，信息词句也是解题的关键。

（四）反复推敲，解决难点

解答完形填空题时，往往有少数题目难以解答，这时就需要我们冷静思考，仔细研读空格的上下语境，有时甚至是整个语篇；若仍不能解决，适当变换思路，说不定真正考查的就是语法、句型或词语搭配，如此，也许问题就迎刃而解了。

（五）重读全文，验证答案

所有的答案选出之后，应再将全文通览一遍。细心检查所选答案能否使整个语篇上下连贯，前后照应，再通读语篇，有些问题也就暴露出来了。检查时，再次注意从语法、句型、词语搭配、逻辑关系、情景语境和信息重现等方面考虑，从而得出准确、恰当的答案。