3组术前尿动力学检查结果差异无显著性(P>0.05),术后12周A组8只犬、B组10只犬在储尿期观察到逼尿肌不稳定收缩波,对照组未出现,A、B组逼尿肌压力、最大膀胱容量、残余尿明显高于对照组和术前,膀胱最大顺应性明显低于对照组和术前(P<0.05),A、B组间差异无显著性(P>0.05),对照组术后与术前比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。
3 讨论
BOO是引发OAB的常见原因,且该类模型的建立方法较为简单,目前OAB研究模型通常采用该方法建立[1~3]。常用的建模动物如大鼠、家兔等[4],难以进行膀胱镜检等相关腔内手术操作。比格犬性情温顺,与人亲近,生理生化指标及遗传性状稳定,是国际通用实验用犬,且其体型较大,易进行手术操作,神经系统和人比较相近,是神经泌尿科学的重要模型[5],因而我们选用犬来建模。雄犬阴茎有骨性结构,膀胱镜不易插入,且尿液可由输精管返流入精囊腺,引起膀胱压力降低,影响膀胱功能的评估,因此本实验选用雌犬作为建模动物。目前BOO模型的制作方法有以下几种:经耻骨后途径结扎膀胱颈口[6]、经会阴途径结扎球部尿道、在近端尿道套上环圈建立梗阻模型[7]及对模型动物注射睾酮诱导前列腺增生造成BOO模型[8],后两种方法研究者未进一步评估是否形成BOO。本实验采用耻骨后途径结扎膀胱颈和经尿道途径结扎尿道法制作模型,并对所建模型进行鉴定和比较,期待为今后开展经自然通道进行微创手术治疗OAB提供一种操作简单、成功率高的建模方法。
表1 BOO犬术前与术后12周尿动力学检测结果
雌犬尿道口位于阴道腹侧壁宫颈口远端,仰卧位时尿道口位于阴道口下方,距离阴户外口4~6 cm,发情期距离会缩短。我们观察到几乎所有雌犬尿道旁都有一个先天性假道,易导致插导尿管失败,所以操作时最好有一名兽医在场进行解剖指导。建模后应密切观察犬是否出现感染等并发症,及时给予对症处理。模型A组中1只犬于术后6天切口感染,表现为精神萎靡、耳朵耷拉、毛发不整洁无光泽、见人后精神狂躁、出现攻击性举动、拒食、用身体摩擦地面等反常举止,最终因全身感染、拒食死亡。因此,为防止术后感染,应常规使用抗生索。如有下腹膨胀,考虑尿潴留时,可用手压迫犬下腹部协助排尿,必要时可予导尿。后期由于尿潴留不适犬的性情会变得烦躁,为了协助排尿,喜用后肢摩擦地面或者喂养笼,易出现后肢溃烂,若处理不及时,可导致全身感染死亡。对于模型A组及对照组术中应尽量缩小操作范围,只需将近膀胱颈部尿道前壁与周围脂肪组织及疏松结缔组织进行分离即可;术后还应着腹绷带,佩戴伊丽莎白圈,防止犬舔咬切口。同时还应每天检查清洗切口,喷适量的喷贝复剂或聚维酮碘,不要用刺激性大的碘伏和酒精。经尿道结扎途径,犬可通过舔咬或尿液腐蚀,致结扎线脱落,因此应定期观察犬尿线的粗细来判断结扎线是否脱落。A、B两组模型在术后2周内即可出现尿频等不适症状,表现为犬双后肢频繁屈曲,做出排尿动作及舔咬尿道口等,此时应注意鉴别尿频是因为泌尿系感染还是梗阻引起,及时取尿液进行尿常规及尿培养以明确病因。目前对动物取尿液的方法大致有以下几种:挤压膀胱,膀胱穿刺及留置导尿管等,操作都相对麻烦。我们采用特制的接尿器[9],成功收取犬的尿液进行尿常规等检验。在排除泌尿系感染的情况下,模型A组最早于术后6天即可出现尿频,模型B组最早于术后9天出现尿频。本实验在观察犬尿频时也是采用在犬腰部佩戴接尿器,每隔半小时观察一次接尿器内是否有尿液,记录排尿次数及尿量。
耻骨后途径建模方法需切开下腹部,分离尿道,此法操作繁琐,且易损伤输尿管及膀胱周围血管丛,引起术后切口感染的几率较大。经尿道途径荷包缝扎部分尿道,只需用卵圆钳稍微牵拉暴露尿道即可,无手术切口,手术创伤小,涉及的解剖结构少,操作简单,手术时间短,术后感染等并发症少,建模成功率高于耻骨后途径。此外,在结扎膀胱颈或尿道时一定要宁松勿紧,避免造成急性梗阻而导致动物死亡。我们在实验中用F8导尿管作支撑,可较好地避免出现急性尿路梗阻。除B组第一例模型因初次采用该方法建模,对犬尿道解剖及假道不甚清楚,术中操作时间过长,对犬尿道钳夹时间过长过重,术后出现尿道水肿,导致急性尿潴留,给予导尿及硫酸镁湿敷后好转,其余动物均未出现急性尿潴留。
在行尿动力学检测时,不同的麻醉药物会对检测结果有一定的影响。动物实验中常用麻醉剂如戊巴比妥钠、硫喷妥钠、氯胺酮+地西泮等均可明显抑制排尿反射,测压曲线随麻醉深浅而波动,还可诱发正常动物产生无抑制性收缩[10]。速眠新Ⅱ为速效麻醉药,其主要成分赛拉唑有中枢肌松作用,而对外周神经肌肉传递无阻滞作用,醒后犬可立即站立行走,仅步态不稳,故我们认为此药适合用于犬行尿动力学检测前的麻醉[11]。同时配合催醒药苏醒灵3号,可使犬快速苏醒,测得的尿动力学数据可最大程度接近犬真实状态。
本研究表明,经耻骨后和经尿道途径两种方法都能成功建立BOO模型,但经尿道途径操作简便,手术时间短,术后并发症少,更适合作为今后研究经尿道腔内微创手术治疗OAB的建模方法。
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(修回日期:2015-09-26)
(责任编辑:王惠群)
Comparison of Retropubic Bladder Neck Partial Ligation and Transurethral Urethral Partial Ligation in the Establishment of Bladder Outlet Obstruction Model in Dogs
LiLei,WuYue,ZhangGuofei,etal.
DepartmentofUrology,SixthAffiliatedHospitalofXinjiangMedicalUniversity,Urumqi830002,China
Correspondingauthor:WuYue,E-mail:xjjg_wuyue@126.com
Objective To compare two methods for establishing an animal model of overactivity bladder caused by bladder outlet obstruction in beagle dogs. Methods Twenty-six healthy female beagles were randomly divided into three groups, which were group A (n=10), group B (n=10), and control group (n=6). The group A was given a retropubic approach midprostatic obstruction. The group B was given an urethral partial ligation through transurethral way. The control group underwent just exposure of the bladder neck without midprostatic obstruction through retropubic approach. Urodynamic study was carried out in these groups after 12 weeks. Results The operation time of the group B (10.7±3.9 min) was shorter than the control group (15.2±2.1) min, which was further shorter than the group A (18.4±3.2 min) (F=67.97,P=0.02). Urinary dynamics test showed no significant difference among the 3 groups before the operation of (P>0.05). At 12 weeks after the operation, 8 dogs from the group A and 10 dogs from group B were found with detrusor contraction wave in urine storage period, while the control group did not appear. The detrusor pressure, maximum bladder capacity, residual urine in the group A and group B were significantly higher than the control group and before operation (P<0.05). The bladder compliance in the group A and group B was significantly lower than the control group and before operation (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the group A and B (P>0.05), and there was no significant difference in the control group between preoperation and postoperation (P>0.05). Conclusions Both retropubic and transurethral approaches can be used to successfully establish bladder outlet obsteuction in female beagles. As compared to retropubic approach, the transurethral approach has advantages such as shorter operation time, better reproducibility and stability of the animal models, which is suitable for studying transurethral intracavitary treated by minimally invasive surgery.
Bladder outlet obstruction; Retropubic approach; Transurethral; Overactivity bladder; Dog
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2014211C133)
A
1009-6604(2016)01-0064-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2016.01.018
2015-06-22)
**通讯作者,E-mail:xjjg_wuyue@126.com