干旱半干旱区肉牛育肥典型日粮筛选试验
2016-12-24韩霞
韩 霞
(定西市安定区畜牧技术推广站,743000)
干旱半干旱区肉牛育肥典型日粮筛选试验
韩 霞
(定西市安定区畜牧技术推广站,743000)
[目的]为筛选原料来源广泛、价廉物美的原材料进行育肥肉牛日粮配制。[方法]选择年龄18~24月龄、体重250~300 kg健康的西门达尔杂种肉牛30头,随机分为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,每组15头;试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组粗饲料分别为青贮玉米秸秆、氨化麦秸,自由采食。试验Ⅰ组随机分为A、B、C三个组,试验Ⅱ组随机分为D、E、F三个组,每组平均5头,依次分别饲喂混合精料配方1、配方2和配方3,育肥牛在同舍以组为单位分栏饲喂90天后。[结果]显示:试验Ⅰ组日增重比试验Ⅱ组高13.98%(\%P\%<0.05)、饲料报酬高9.55%;其中试验Ⅰ组中B组的日增重1.34 kg,分别比A、C、D、E、F组提高13.56%(\%P\%<0.05)、16.52%(\%P\%<0.0541.05%(\%P\%<0.01)、11.67%(\%P\%<0.05)和25.23%(\%P\%<0.01),饲料报酬3.77:1,分别比C、D、E、F组提高9.16%、9.59%、5.28%和11.29%。试验Ⅱ组中E组的平均日增重为1.20 kg、饲料报酬为3.98:1,同组育肥效果最好;头均纯收入试验Ⅰ组高于试验Ⅱ组295.2元,试验Ⅰ组B组效益最好,试验Ⅱ组E组效益最好。[结论]肉牛育肥生产中,在日粮精料相同情况下,日粮中饲喂青贮玉米秸秆育肥效果显著好于饲喂氨化麦秸;但选用青贮玉米秸秆为粗饲料时,选用B组混合精料配方育肥效果最好;选用氨化麦秸为粗饲料时,选用E组混合精料配方育肥效果最好。两个粮配方在定西及类似地区均有取材方便、价格较低的特点,值得在肉牛育肥中推广。
肉牛;日粮配合;筛选
为了充分开发利用甘肃中部干旱半干旱区的饲草料资源,提高肉牛的育肥水平,缩短肉牛育肥周期,促进农民增收,于2013年3月1日~2014年6月1日在定西伊兰纯牛业有限责任公司开展了肉牛育肥日粮筛选研究。现将试验结果报告如下:
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验牛的选择与分组
在定西伊兰纯牛业有限责任公司选择年龄18~24月龄、体重250kg~300kg健康的西门达尔杂种肉牛30头,随机分为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,再根据精粗饲料搭配日粮配方,试验Ⅰ组分为A、B、C组,试验Ⅱ组分为D、E、F组,每大组15头牛,每小组5头牛。见表1。
1.2 日粮组成
在试验日粮的设计,主要根据定西普遍采用的青贮玉米秸秆和氨化麦草秸秆为粗饲料的基础上,与三种混合精料搭配,从中筛选出育肥效果好的日粮组成。
表1 试验配方搭配情况
试验日粮参照《肉牛营养需要》和我国《肉牛饲养标准》配制。试验一组以青贮玉米秸秆为粗饲料,试验二组以氨化麦草秸秆为粗饲料,粗饲料采取自由采食。干物质采食量根据试前实测值和预测公式推算得出。因为试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的日粮配方相同,我们按270 kg育肥牛所需营养水平进行日粮配合。育肥牛所需的日粮组成及营养水平见表2。
日粮配方1:玉米1.1 kg,麸皮1.02 kg,豆饼0.93 kg,石粉0.06,食盐0.05 kg。混合精料的百分组成为:玉米34.81%,麸皮32.28%,豆饼29.43%,石粉1.9%,食盐1.58%。
表2 育肥牛的饲养标准-(RND/kg)(MJ/kg)
日粮配方2:玉米2.78 kg,麸皮0.94 kg,菜籽饼0.84 kg,石粉0.094 kg,食盐0.07 kg。其中,混合精料为4.72 kg。混合精料的百分组成为玉米58.89%,麸皮19.91%,菜籽饼17.8%,石粉1.99%,食盐1.48%。 日粮配方3:玉米2.45 kg,麸皮1.2 kg,豆饼0.78 kg,骨粉0.1 kg,石粉0.08 kg,矿物质及维生素0.45 kg,食盐0.06 kg。其中,混合精料比例为;玉米69.5%,豆饼9.3%,骨粉0.1%,石粉2.3%,维生素添加剂0.5%,食盐0.25%。
1.3 饲养管理
试验牛在同一幢牛舍、以组为单位分栏饲喂,编组分栏后进入预试期(12 d),期间进行防疫注射和驱虫,然后对三组试验牛进行相应配方饲料饲喂适应,12天后饲喂量达到正常值。每天喂料3次,时间为7:30、13:00和19:30。自由采食,自由饮水。每天清扫栏圈1次,每周按常规消毒1次。整个育肥期精料的投喂量按体重的2%进行调整。
1.4 测定指标
试验期记录每日饲料的消耗量,每月测重1次,计算平均日增重和饲料报酬。饲养试验结束后,从每个处理组中随机抽出1头试验牛禁食24 h、禁水12 h,屠宰测定胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、骨重、胴体净肉率、肉骨比。
2 试验结果
2.1 增重与饲料报酬
从表3可知,试验Ⅰ组牛的育肥90 d的平均日增重为1.22 kg、饲料报酬为3.77:1。试验Ⅱ组牛的平均日增重为1.07 kg、饲料报酬为4.13:1,试验Ⅰ组平均日增重比试验Ⅱ组高13.98%(\%P\%<0.05)、饲料报酬高9.55%。其中试验Ⅰ组的B组的平均日增重1.34 kg,分别比A、C、D、E、F组提高13.56%(\%P\%<0.05)、16.52%(\%P\%<0.05)、41.05%(\%P\%<0.01)、11.67%(\%P\%<0.05)和25.23%(\%P\%<0.01),饲料报酬3.77:1,分别比C、D、E、F组提高9.16%、9.59%、5.28%和11.29%。另外试验Ⅱ组的E组的平均日增重为1.20 kg、饲料报酬为3.98:1,同组育肥效果最好。
2.2 产肉性能
育肥结束后,A、C、D、E、F组随机抽取1头,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组各3头,经屠宰测定,试验Ⅰ组胴体重为228.05 kg;试验Ⅱ组为190.6 kg,试验Ⅰ组平均屠宰率为58.7%、胴体净肉率81.7%;试验Ⅱ组的平均屠宰率为53.7%、胴体净肉率为80.3%,试验Ⅰ组比试验Ⅱ组高出5、1.4个百分点。详见表4。
表3 肉牛增重表
2.3 经济效益分析
本试验处理组间饲养水平不同,但管理费用相同,皮张及牛下水等售后收入相等。因此,按饲料消耗和产肉的市场价格计算经济效益。结果表5表明,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的经济效益对比,试验Ⅰ组高于试验Ⅱ组295.2元/头。另外对同一组每个小组之间进行比较,试验Ⅰ组B组效益最好,A组其次;试验Ⅱ组E组效益最好。
表4 肉牛产肉性能测定表
表5 经济效益分析表
3 结论与分析
3.1 本试验通过对两组试验牛在相同的饲养管理条件,精饲料搭配上大体一致,选用两种当地产量大、来源广的农作物(氨化麦草和青贮玉米)进行饲喂,试验牛采用自由采食的方法实施育肥。主要对比两种不同粗饲料的育肥效果。通过测定增重速度和饲料报酬,结果表明,试验Ⅰ组增重速度和饲料报酬显著高于试验Ⅱ组。试验Ⅰ组胴体重和净肉重两项主要指标均高于试验Ⅱ组。在当前肉价相同的情况下,虽然试验Ⅰ组的青贮玉米秸秆成本略高于试验Ⅱ组氨化麦草秸秆的成本,但试验Ⅰ组经济效益均高于试验Ⅱ组。因此,在日粮精料构成和喂量相同情况下,肉牛快速育肥中日粮中饲喂青贮玉米秸秆优于饲喂氨化麦草秸秆。
3.2 本试验两组试验牛中,在同一试验组粗饲料相同情况下,采用三种精料配方进行肉牛育肥,通过每个试验小组(A/B/C)、(D/E/F)之间经济效益分析和对比,试验Ⅰ组的B组和试验Ⅱ组的E组的增重速度、饲料报酬和经济效益均高于其他各组。两配方粗饲料、混合精料在定西及类似地区均有取材方便、价格较低的特点,值得在肉牛育肥中大面的推广。
Typical Diet Screening Test of Beef Cattle Fattening in Arid and Semi-arid Region
HAN Xia
(TheanimalhusbandrytechnologyextendingstationsinAndingDistrict,Dingxi,Gansu, 743000)
In order to screen extensive and cheap raw materials for fattening beef cattle diet preparation, a total of 30 healthy Simon dahl hybrid beef cattle were selected and equally divided into two groups, named groupⅠ, group Ⅱ, respectively, and the age of them was among 18 to 24 months and their weight was among 250 ~ 300 kg. The silage ammoniation wheat straw, corn stalks, free food intake were treated in two groups. group Ⅰ were randomly equally divided into A, B, C three groups, group Ⅱ were equally randomly divided into three groups termed D, E, F, and there were 5 cattle in each group, feeding mixed concentrate formula 1, formula 2 and formula 3, respectively. The experiment of fattening cattle in the same house as one group lasted 90 days. The daily gained weight of groupⅠ were 13.98% heavier than that of groupⅡ (\%P\%< 0.05), as well as the feed remuneration was 9.55% higher than that of groupⅡ; The daily gained weight of B group in group Ⅰ was 1.34 kg, which had increased by 13.56% (\%P\%< 0.05) ,13.56% (\%P\%< 0.05), 41.05% (\%P\%< 0.01) ,11.67% (\%P\%<0.05) and 25.23% (\%P\%< 0.01) than A, C, D, E, F group, respectively. The feed remuneration of B group was 3.77:1, which has increased 9.16%, 9.59%, 5.28% and 9.16% than C, D, E, F group, respectively. The average daily gain of E group in group Ⅱ was 1.20 kg, feed remuneration is 3.98:1, and the group had the best fattening effect; The average income of every individual in groupⅠ is 295.2 yuan higher than that of groupⅡ, and the benefits of B group was highest in groupⅠ as well as the benefits of E group was highest in group Ⅱ. Therefore, in the production of beef cattle fattening, when the concentrate was same in the diet, the effect of silage maize straw fattening was significantly better than that of ammoniated straw; But when choosing silage corn straw as roughage, the effect of mixed concentrate formulation fattening B group was best; When choosing ammoniated straw for roughage, the effect of mixed concentrate formulation fattening E group was best. Two feed formulas had the characteristics of convenience and low price in dingxi and similar areas, which meaning that these two feed formulas were worth promoting in the beef cattle fattening.
beef cattle; ration formulation; screening
2016-02-10
2016-03-02
韩霞(1980-),女,助理畜牧师,主要从事畜牧兽医技术推广工作。
S816
A
1001-9111(2016)02-0035-04