脂肪因子在糖尿病睡眠障碍中的作用机制
2016-12-05柴新丽刘彦隆康毅敏李存保
柴新丽 王 帆 刘彦隆 杨 玲 康毅敏 李存保
(1.内蒙古医科大学,呼和浩特,010110;2.北京回龙观医院,北京,100096;3.温州医科大学药学院,温州,325035)
脂肪因子在糖尿病睡眠障碍中的作用机制
柴新丽1,2王 帆2刘彦隆3杨 玲1,2康毅敏1李存保1
(1.内蒙古医科大学,呼和浩特,010110;2.北京回龙观医院,北京,100096;3.温州医科大学药学院,温州,325035)
目前,糖尿病患病人数逐年增加,伴随着糖尿病的发生,睡眠也发生相应的改变。研究表明,脂肪因子在糖尿病睡眠障碍中发挥着重要作用,本文就脂肪因子在糖尿病睡眠障碍的作用机制做一个简单的综述。
脂肪因子;糖尿病;睡眠障碍
糖尿病是一组由于胰岛素分泌缺陷和/或胰岛素作用障碍所致以高血糖为主要特征的慢性内分泌代谢疾病,因较高的发病率和死亡率,并导致生活质量下降而引起公众的关注[1]。美国睡眠医学会基于脑电图、肌电图和眼电图将睡眠分为非快眼动睡眠期(Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep,NREM)和快眼动睡眠期(Rapid Eye Movement Sleep,REM),而NERM期又可以分为1、2、3、4期,其中第3、4期称为慢波睡眠(Slow Wake Sleep,SWS)[2]。睡眠障碍是指正常的睡眠节律被打乱或睡眠时间的改变以及在睡眠过程中出现的异常行为,如阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(Obstructive Sleep Apnoea,OSA)、不宁腿综合征、失眠症和觉醒障碍等[3]。调查发现90%的美国成年人主观认为自己存在睡眠问题,而糖尿病患者更容易出现睡眠障碍[4]。睡眠不佳是Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的一个共同特点,包括难以入睡、维持困难、易觉醒和嗜睡等[5]。同时,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的睡眠结构也发生改变。研究表明,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的REM期增加,SWS期减少[2]。
脂肪细胞分泌的激素称为脂肪因子,作用于多种细胞和器官来调节代谢的平衡[6]。脂肪因子包括Apelin、瘦素(Leptin)、脂联素(Adiponectin)、抵抗素(Resistin)以及细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor Necrosis Factor α,TNF-α),白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)等,近来研究发现,这些因子与糖尿病之间存在紧密的联系,并且在睡眠中也扮演了重要的角色,本文就在糖尿病睡眠障碍中发挥作用的脂肪因子做简单的综述。
1 脂肪因子
1.1 Apelin Apelin是脂肪组织细胞产生和分泌的77个氨基酸残基多肽,分布在中枢神经系统,如下丘脑。Apelin是血管紧张素样蛋白质J(Angiotension Receptor-like protein J receptor,APJ)的配体。Apelin在人体发挥不同的生物学作用,如保持体液平衡、食物摄入、细胞增殖和血管生成[7]。研究表明,糖尿病患者血清Apelin水平明显升高[8]。对高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗(Insulin Resistance,IR)小鼠模型,静脉注射Apelin,小鼠糖耐量明显改善,对正常小鼠快速静脉注射Apelin,小鼠血糖水平降低[9]。Apelin通过APJ、AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(AMPK)和内皮细胞NO合成酶(eNOS)对胰岛素敏感性产生影响。Apelin也通过激发APJ和血管紧张素I来抑制核因子-Κβ(NF-Κβ)的表达,使NF-Κβ表达下调,抑制TNF-α介导的IR[10]。
调查表明,一些糖尿病患者伴有OSA,血浆高胰岛素水平增加OSA的患病风险,而OSA患者夜间低氧,觉醒等可增加Ⅱ型糖尿病患病风险[11]。OSA的特点是反复发作的部分或完整的上呼吸道阻塞,导致氧饱和度下降和睡眠紊乱[12]。糖尿病患者呼吸暂停指数(AHI)较高[13]。OSA患者血浆Apelin水平与AHI具有相关性[14]。研究发现缺氧条件下的细胞培养表达Apelin,同时缺氧的小鼠模型也存在Apelin的表达,表明Apelin与OSA之间存在复杂联系。OSA患者的缺氧诱导因子1(HIF-1)途径可以被激活,在低氧条件下,机体可以通过HIF途径诱导心肌/内皮细胞中Apelin表达。同时OSA患者交感神经神经系统过度兴奋,而交感神经兴奋使下丘脑中APJ mRNA表达上调[15]。研究发现Apelin可直接导致呼吸暂停和膈神经张力下降30%[16],表明Apelin水平增高可能导致呼吸暂停的发生,造成睡眠紊乱。以上结果显示,Apelin在糖尿病睡眠障碍中发挥重要的作用。
1.2 Leptin Leptin是第一个被发现对β细胞产生影响的脂肪因子,发挥调节机体能量平衡的作用。Leptin影响体内胰岛素分泌[17-18]。糖尿病患者血浆Leptin水平降低[19]。对Leptin基因缺失的ob/ob小鼠,静脉注射Leptin,血清葡萄糖水平降低[20]。应用链脲佐菌素和烟酰胺诱导小鼠的糖尿病模型,发现血清Leptin水平减少[21]。Leptin可以通过以下几个通路影响胰岛素分泌:1)直接抑制前胰岛素原mRNA的转录,抑制胰岛素的分泌;2)通过葡萄糖转运蛋白2影响葡萄糖的转运;3)通过抑制CAMP/PKA通路来影响钙通路,从而影响胰岛素的分泌[22]。
糖尿病患者维持入睡困难,易觉醒,睡眠时间减少。睡眠剥夺时,年轻男性血清Leptin浓度下降[23]。Spiegel等人连续6 d缩短11名男性睡眠时间(4 h),发现睡眠对Leptin的分泌有重要的促进作用[24]。脑桥核(PPN)调节觉醒和REM,Leptin可以直接降低PPN的活性,影响睡眠[25]。Leptin受体基因敲除的动物觉醒次数和REM期睡眠减少,Leptin抵抗增加夜间觉醒次数和REM期睡眠[26]。这都表明,Leptin在糖尿病睡眠障碍中发挥重要的作用。
1.3 TNF-α TNF-α是一种炎性递质,参与炎性反应及免疫反应。Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清TNF-α水平显著增高[27]。人空腹血浆TNF-α的水平与IR存在一定的关联[28]。研究表明,TNF-α改变细胞在体内的胰岛素信号转导途径。抗TNF-α抗体改善肥胖啮齿动物体内胰岛素敏感性,用高脂饮食饲养缺乏TNF-α基因的小鼠,没有导致IR的发生[29]。这些都表明,阻止TNF-α的活性,可提高胰岛素的敏感性。目前TNF-α对胰岛素信号通路的影响尚不清楚,其可能机制是,TNF-α促使脂肪细胞释放游离脂肪酸,导致游离脂肪酸增高,激活抑制因子如细胞因子信号抑制物(Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling,SOCS),c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal Kinase,JNK),抑制胰岛素信号转导,造成IR[30],干扰糖代谢。
国外横断面研究显示,部分Ⅱ型糖尿病患者主诉嗜睡[31]。可溶性TNF-α受体是人脑脊液的正常组成部分并且抑制睡眠[32]。TNF-α可以直接作用于基底前脑和下丘脑视前区来调节睡眠[33]。静脉注射TNF-α的动物变得嗜睡,对兔子静脉注射TNF-α,发现SWS期时间增加[34],小鼠腹腔注射TNF-α,NREM期增加[35]。缺乏TNF受体的小鼠的NREM期减少[36]。这些都表明TNF-α参与睡眠的调节。环氧化酶-2(COX-2)具有调节睡眠的作用[37],TNF-α可诱导COX-2的表达[38]。TNF-α可以激活NF-Κβ,NF-Κβ是调节睡眠的一个关键酶,抑制NF-Κβ的活性可以减少NREM睡眠[39]。这些都表明TNF-α在糖尿病睡眠障碍中发挥作用。
1.4 IL-6 IL-6是具有多种生物学作用的炎症因子,可以作为预防糖尿病的生物学指标。健康成年人胰岛素的敏感性与血浆IL-6水平呈负相关[40]。糖尿病患者血浆IL-6水平显著增高[41]。IL-6可以增强胰岛素的敏感性,增强对葡萄糖的摄取和代谢[42]。小鼠静脉注射IL-6,降低胰岛素对肝葡萄糖的代谢和骨骼肌葡萄糖的摄取[40]。IL-6可以影响β细胞的功能。SOCS3升高可以导致IR,对肥胖的小鼠抑制SOCS3的表达改善IR的程度[43]。IL-6诱导SOCS3表达上调,干扰胰岛素受体(IR)或胰岛素受体底物(IRS-1)导致IR及其靶基因的转录[40,42],从而干扰糖代谢,导致代谢紊乱。
有许多证据表明IL-6参与睡眠调节。人血浆IL-6的浓度在白昼最低,夜晚最高,表现出睡眠-觉醒的节律。IL-6的分泌量与主观睡眠质量,SWS量呈负相关,与觉醒时间呈正相关[44]。调查显示,有48.2%的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者存在失眠现象[45]。失眠患者血清IL-6浓度增加[46]。临床研究发现,病理条件下IL-6水平升高与白天过度嗜睡存在关联。血浆IL-6增加,导致SWS减少[47]。表明,IL-6在糖尿病睡眠障碍中发挥作用。
2 其它
其它一些脂肪细胞因子也参与糖尿病与睡眠障碍的发生发展。Adiponectin含有244个氨基酸,由脂肪组织产生,具有抗糖尿病,抗动脉粥样硬化和抗炎的属性[48]。小鼠注射Adiponectin能够刺激胰岛素的分泌[49]。Adiponectin球状C末端片段能够降低血浆葡萄糖浓度,增加肌肉脂肪酸氧化,Adiponectin可以激活AMPK,抑制乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)[50],但是在临床中缺乏证据证明Adiponectin与人体胰岛素的关系,其机制目前还不清楚,需要更多的研究来探索Adiponectin与β细胞之间的关系。
Resistin属于抵抗素样分子家族,Resistin的受体仍然不明确[51]。Resistin在人类与啮齿类动物糖代谢中起着重要的作用。Ⅰ型糖尿病患者血清Resistin的水平显著增高[52]。肥胖小鼠注射抗Resistin抗体,小鼠的糖耐量和胰岛素作用增强[53]。这些都表明Resistin对葡萄糖的代谢存在影响。
Adiponectin,Resistin都参与OSA的发生发展,重度OSA患者血浆的Adiponectin水平降低[54],OSA患者夜间缺氧,引起Adiponectin转录的变化,影响Adiponectin的表达[55],TNF-α对Adiponectin有抑制作用,而OSA患者促进TNF-α的表达,导致Adiponectin水平下降[56]。OSA可以激活外周血白细胞,促进Resistin的产生,使OSA患者体内血清Resistin水平较高[57]。
3 展望
糖尿病睡眠障碍对患者的睡眠质量和生活质量造成了严重的影响,导致糖尿病患者睡眠障碍的原因是多方面的,是各种因素相互作用的结果。糖尿病可以造成患者睡眠质量下降,引起睡眠障碍,而睡眠障碍又会加重患者的病情,因此在治疗糖尿病时,不但要重视血糖的控制,同时重视糖尿病患者的睡眠问题,对造成糖尿病睡眠障碍的机制进行进一步的探究,为临床治疗提供理论依据,改善糖尿病患者的睡眠质量。
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Mechanism of adipokines in diabetes sleep disorders
Chai Xinli1,2,Wang Fan2,Liu Yanlong3,Yang Ling1,2,Kang Yimin1,Li Cunbao1
(1.InnerMongoliaMedicalUniversity,Huhhot,010110;2.BeijingHui-Long-GuanHospital,Beijing,100096;3.CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences,Wenzhou,325035)
In morden society,the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased recently.Accompanied by the diabetes,sleep has also undergone a series of changes,The previous studies have shown that adipokines play an important role in diabetes related sleep disorders.This review focuses on the role of adipokines in diabetes related sleep disorders.
Adipokines;Diabetes;Sleep disorders
李存保,E-mail:licunbao5159@sina.com
R587.1;R338.63
A
2095-7130(2016)05-280-285