APP下载

例析英语阅读教学中学生概括能力的培养

2016-12-05魏玉平魏之宁

关键词:概括能力英语阅读教学思维训练

魏玉平+++魏之宁

摘 要:在英语阅读教学中,教师要经常设置质疑情境,激发学生去发现问题,在发现和挖掘问题的过程中,促使学生产生和形成怀疑、困惑和研究的心态,激活并拓展学生的思维参与度,帮助他们发展有效的学习策略,在语言学习中学会概括,在问题解决中提高思维能力。

关键词:英语阅读教学;概括能力;思维训练

杜威认为,“学习就是要学会思维”[1]。语言是思维的载体,语言学习是思维训练的重要途径,加之语言学习具有渐进性和持续性的特点,因此,训练与培养学生的思维是语言教学的重中之重。在英语阅读中,学生对文本信息的接受、整合、概括、归纳、理解、比较、批判、质疑等活动,都离不开思维的高度参与。

最近几年,全国各地的高考英语试卷中陆续出现了概要写作的题型。这个题型对考生的概括能力提出了更高的要求。可见,在中学英语阅读教学中,训练与培养学生的概括能力是十分必要和重要的。

下面,笔者以译林版《牛津高中英语》(必修)模块二第二单元的教学为例,剖析如何在高中英语阅读教学中培养学生的概括能力。该节课的教学内容是以“Wish you were here”为主题,以“An adventure in Africa”为话题的书信体裁阅读文本。笔者将“Welcome to the unit”并入到Reading的第一课时,借助图片赏析、浅层阅读、文法对照和深层阅读,通过四个互动环节,在培养学生概括能力及语言应用与输出方面做了以下尝试。

一、挖掘中心词

师生共同赏析“Welcome to the unit”中的四幅图,同时融入与Reading文本所谈及的Morocco, the Sahara Desert, the River Nile, Mount Kilimanjaro等途经地点或相关景观图。然后师生开展一些对话。

T: While watching these pictures, what word comes to your mind?

S: They are beautiful!

S: They are wonderful!

S: They are attractive!

在师生情感共鸣的欢快氛围里,笔者适时引导学生对图片加以简要描述。

T: Okay! A mini task: Please use one word or two to generalize these pictures.

S: Theyre wonders of Africa.

S: Theyre attractive places in Africa.

T: Yeah! Attractions, much better! (教师板书“attractions”)

S: Theyre scenic spots in Africa, and Im dreaming of a trip there.

S: Theyre nature beauty of Africa, a wonderful place, just like Heaven!

T: We should say natural beauty. (教师板书“natural beauty”)

【简析】学生是教学活动的主体,学习不是由教师向学生单向传递知识,而是学生自己建构知识的过程。学习者不是被动的信息接收者,而是对外部信息的主动选择者和加工者。新的知识和意义的形成,是学习者通过新旧知识与经验反复的双向的相互作用过程而构建的[2]。在此环节,教师拓宽背景知识,引领学生在愉悦的审美情境中发散思维,用一两个词来描述非洲的美,轻松地完成对文本中心词的挖掘,使学生对文本内容有了初步轮廓,使学生的注意力得到了有效聚焦。

二、概述主题

T: Now, lets turn to the reading. Scan the passage and make a summary of it with one sentence or two in 10 minutes. Not exceeding 30 words.

(10 minutes later)

S: The letter is about Toby and Colins travel plan to have an adventure in Africa.

T: Good! Its generalized, but a little short. A bit longer one?

S: The passage is Tobys letter to Aihua talking about their travel plan to take an exciting and dangerous adventure in many places in Africa.

T: A good job! When summarizing Toby and Colins travel route, you can refer to the map on the screen.

T: OK! Lets polish what we have summarized together.

(教师板书: The letter/passage is a holiday/travel plan/schedule for Toby and Colin to go on an adventure close to the wild from the northwest to the east and southeast of Africa)

【简析】从心理学角度来看,概括是把不同事物的共同属性(本质的或非本质的)抽象出来后加以综合,从而形成一个日常概念或者科学概念。概括能力是综合语言应用能力的较高层次,通常涵盖抽象概括、归纳概括和总结概括。在略读后让学生对文本主题进行概述,需要教师在学生快速获取信息之后引导他们开启思维,激活认知图式,对所获信息进行梳理、筛选、提炼、整合、归纳、组织和改编,进而发展思维,通过呈现思维轨迹去激发表达,从语言图式过渡到内容图式,最终形成概念,这是英语阅读整体理解过程中语言输出的较高层次。这样的概括训练,有利于提高学生的口头与书面表达水平,对发展其心智大有裨益。

三、提炼结构

T: Next, well come to the layout of the letter. Before doing that, lets refer to the Reading Strategy of an informal letter, and then have a knowledge of the structure of a letter.

(Students are aware of some expressing ways of an informal letter)

T: Now, lets analyze the consistence (parts) of the letter together.

T: Whats “30th June” for?

S: Date.

T: Whats “Dear Aihua” for?

S: Greeting.

T: Whats called between the beginning and the ending?

S: Contents of the letter.

T: Whats “Love” and “Toby” for?

S: Abbreviation and name.

T: Great! Now, lets read through a sample formal letter, skim the structure and compare it with an informal one. (文本略)

T: This is a letter of application. By comparison, lets learn and abstract the 5 parts making up a letter. They are:

1. Heading(信头):

John Stamos

545, Half Day Road

Bannockburn, IL 6024

1300 456 789

Johns email address

Date- 20th November, 2012

To,

Mr Danny Jones

J. Ripper Productions Ltd.

2 Corporate Way

Sometown, CA 45620 (对照30th June)

2. Salutation(称呼): Dear Mr Danny Jones, (对照Dear Aihua,并注意标点)

3.Body(正文)

4.Complimentary close(结束语): Yours sincerely, (对照Love,并注意标点)

5. Signature(签名): John Stamos

T: As we can see, writing a formal letter varies from writing an informal one in part 1, 2 and 4, so we should pay attention when it comes to official or formal occasions.

T: What about our Chinese letter writing?

S: Writing an English letter is different from that of a Chinese one, especially in expressing time and place, that is, in heading and closing.

T: Yes, that is, there are a lot of Chinese and western cultural differences, and we are supposed to keep in mind as many as possible.

【简析】文体、结构和文化差异等知识的缺乏会影响学生对文本理解的深度。在此环节,教师有意识地添补上一封英文正式书信的样本,以两种书信在结构与表达方式上的对照和解析为契机,借助比较英语书信的两种(正式与非正式)写法,理清脉络,进而提炼出英语书信的五个组成部分,提高学生对书信篇章框架的识记和把握能力。与此同时,巧妙地渗透中西方文化意识,促使学生在差异比较中增进对中外文化异同的理解,提高跨文化交际能力。阅读的目的就是在特定的语境中,在一定的文化背景下,借用语言系统这个意义来源,在语篇层次上提取意义,达到对语篇的理解[3]。可见,根据学生已有的认知程度,通过有意义的信息输入,鼓励学生比较不同的语言风格与文化范式,分析其异同,以满足他们对文化学习和书面交际的需求,将语言教学融入文化认知,将文化元素掺和到语言学习中,提高学生对不同文化的敏感程度,以培养他们的跨文化意识,从而提高他们的跨文化交际能力,是当前中学英语教学的当务之急,也是课程标准所倡导的英语学习的重要目标。

四、归纳要素

T: Now, lets turn to the detailed reading of the passage. As to making a plan, setting aside the preparations, we should take many things into consideration. My question is: Who are the characters of the plan?

S: Toby and Colin.

T: Okay! Lets do some group work in 15 minutes, each group with one task by questioning and answering on the topic with your deskmates. After that, well exchange and present what we have done.

While doing with your topic, you can consult the reading or refer to the travel route.

Group 1: When-topic (schedules)

Group 2: What-topic (main events)

Group 3: Where-topic (travel route)

Group 4: How-topic (means and feeling)

以下是各组的交流内容。

Group 1: Toby will spend 4 weeks traveling with Colin before he goes to university. Theyre leaving London on 15th July, and theyll be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa, and the trip will take six days ...

Group 2: Toby and Colin are ready to visit so many exciting places and do lots of astonishing things during their trip in Africa. Theyre going to travel on camels through the Sahara Desert and will be traveling by camel, with local guides, camping in tents and sleeping on the ground or in their big, thick sleeping bags ... While walking for almost two weeks, theyll need to buy a large, strong, light backpack to carry their supplies of food and water. During the day, theyll walk across the land, following the footprints of big animals such as elephants, lions, and giraffes, to take some photos. After that, theyll be moving on to Tanzania to climb Mount Kilimanjaro. Then theyre going to the Himalayas.

Group 3: Toby and Colins travel route: London—Morocco—the Sahara Desert—the River Nile(Lake Victoria)—Kenya—Tanzania—Mount Kilimanjaro—the Himalayas.

Group 4: Toby and Colins travel means: by air, by camel, by white-water rafting, with the local people leading the way, walking across the land(on foot), Mountain climbing ... Toby and Colins feeling during the trip: uncomfortable, quite dangerous, but exciting, very tiring.

T: Great! You have all done a good job. Now, what are we to come up with when we make a holiday or travel plan?

S: We should cover at least 5 parts: characters, time, place, main events and ways of doing it.

T: That is: who, when, where, what and how, 4Ws and 1H.

【简析】归纳能力是逻辑思维能力的重要组成部分,它有助于提高学生的思辨、整合和转述信息的能力,进而提高学生的思维品质和综合语言的应用能力。教材在本单元设置的英语综合语言输出的后续活动安排分别是“Task: Planning a holiday for your family”和“Project: Making a travel leaflet”。为了做好必要的英语语言知识的输入储备与输出铺垫,教师必须灵活地整合文本内容,适当地铺之以对文本细节的理解,关注信息之间的内在联系,结合学生已有的认知和真实感受进行启智、内化和迁移,借助拓展文本内涵,使得对于文本的解读多元化,让师生在思维碰撞中平等对话,将阅读能力的训练、口头概述的实践、书面写作的铺垫与思维能力的提升融为一体,真正实现“用教材教”的课程理念。

诚然,在中学英语阅读教学中,学生对文本语言信息的挖掘、概述、提炼和归纳等概括能力的逐步提升需要经过长期的思维训练、语言积累和综合运用,这一过程需要教师持续不断地将思维训练融入其中。而思维训练大多始于并基于问题,因此,在英语阅读教学的互动中,教师要经常设置质疑情境,激发学生去发现问题,在发现和挖掘问题的过程中,促使学生产生和形成怀疑、困惑和研究的心态,激活并拓展学生的思维参与度,帮助他们发展有效的学习策略,在语言学习中学会概括,在问题解决中提高思维能力。“培养思维能力是伴随着对文本的深度解读的阅读教学活动而产生的,表层理解关注文本信息,而深层理解则开启思维。”[4]

参考文献:

[1]杜威. 我们怎样思维·经验与教育[M]. 姜文闵,编译. 北京:人民教育出版社,2005:64.

[2]甘露. 建构主义心理学及其对大学外语教学改革的启示[J]. 四川外语学院学报,2002(4):152-153.

[3]姜云臣,张苏. 文化差异对阅读理解的影响[J].山东外语教学,1998(1):86-88.

[4]葛炳芳. 英语阅读教学的综合视野:内容、思维和语言[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2013:48.

猜你喜欢

概括能力英语阅读教学思维训练
小学高段学生语文阅读概括能力培养策略研究
基于语文教学的写作思维训练
逻辑学在语文学习中的作用
基于“核心素养”理念的初中英语阅读教学的实践探索
生活化的数学有效融入思维训练的尝试
“活动单导学”模式在五年制高职英语阅读教学中的运用
抛锚式教学法在初中英语阅读课中的应用
浅谈如何提高记叙文的概括能力
关于提高初中生数学思维能力的思考
语文教学中培养学生概括能力的思考与实践