信息搭便车下供应链订货与信息服务决策及协调研究
2016-10-13徐兵刘露
徐兵,刘露
信息搭便车下供应链订货与信息服务决策及协调研究
徐兵,刘露
(南昌大学管理科学与工程系,江西南昌330031)
假定产品存在次品需返修、产品需求为随机且受到零售价格与信息服务水平的影响,建立单生产商和单零售商组成的传统渠道供应链的订货与信息服务的分散式和集中式决策模型,给出了协调供应链的回购加信息服务补贴合同。进而考虑电子商务零售商引入后免费搭乘传统零售商提供的信息服务行为,利用均衡分析方法建立了双渠道供应链的分散式决策的MPEC模型和集中式决策的优化模型,提出了协调双渠道供应链的回购加信息服务补贴合同。最后的算例表明模型的合理性和协调合同的有效性。研究表明:电子渠道的引入有利于供应链整体,恰当的信息搭便车行为、及产品正品率的提高有利于供应链各方。
双渠道供应链;信息搭便车行为;次品退货与返修; 带均衡约束的数学规划;回购加信息服务补贴合同
0 引言
信息与网络技术的发展推动了网上交易量的井喷。许多企业在巩固传统零售渠道的同时,大力发展电子销售渠道,形成双营销渠道运作模式。双渠道供应链引起学者的极大重视,其中信息搭便车行为特别值得研究。现实中,大量消费者先到实体店了解和体验产品,再低价到网店购买相应产品,如今服装零售店已俨然是网购者的试衣间。可见,电子零售商免费搭乘了传统零售商的信息服务。学者首先从零售商角度分析信息搭便车行为的影响。文献[1]研究发现,搭便车行为加剧了零售商间的价格分离,导致信息服务水平和消费者的产品需求的降低;文献[2]研究表明,即使存在信息搭便车行为,零售商通过提供信息服务来锁定具有正搜索成本的顾客可获得正利润;文献[3]指出搭便车行为可以减缓零售商之间价格竞争强度,对提供服务和不提供服务的零售商都是有益的。学者进而研究单生产商单零售商供应链中生产商直销和传统零售的信息搭便车行为及其协调合同设计。文献[4]分析了服务具有溢出效应下供应商直销渠道对传统零售渠道的服务搭便车行为对供应链各方决策以及供应链绩效的影响,构建了成本共担的协调合同;文献[5]研究了生产商直销与传统渠道同时提供服务下的价格竞争和服务双向搭便车行为,给出了协调供应链的三步定价机制。伴随电子商务的发展壮大,学者逐步重视电子零售商(如京东商城、亚马逊)与传统零售商的竞争及其所在供应链的研究。文献[6]利用两阶段博弈模型研究了电子商务零售商与传统零售商的价格竞争行为,给出了二者竞争的最优定价和均衡利润。文献[7]在双源渠道环境下,构建了信息搭便车效应下的消费者效用模型,分析了信息搭便车现象对生产商、传统零售店、电子商店以及供应链系统的收益的影响。文献[8]针对生产商、网络零售商和传统零售商三者组成的双渠道供应链,建模分析了存在搭便车行为下最大化供应链利润的定价以及分散决策下各主体的价格竞争均衡,给出了收益共享协调契约。
但上述文献未涉及随机需求情况[1-8]。针对具有直销与零售渠道的单生产商单零售商供应链,文献[9]研究了随机需求下的定价策略和协调机制,文献[10]研究了随机需求和零售商促销下的价格竞争均衡及供应链协调。文献[11]假定直销渠道和零售渠道面临随机需求、且因缺货而未得到满足的需求将在渠道间转移,研究了生产商在供给能力有限和无限两种情况下的库存分配,提出了逆向收益共享协调合同(生产商将部分直销收益给零售商)。另外,产品的次品率、退货与回收再制造策略将影响零售商订货决策和供应链利润。文献[12]建立了缺陷产品完全退货下的库存控制模型,分析了缺陷率对于订货量和销售利润的影响;文献[13]基于市场细分建立了零售商回收与第三方回收废旧产品情形的闭环供应链决策模型。文献[14]研究了单生产商和单零售商组成的逆向供应链中二者的Stackelberg博弈和合作下的零售价和回收再制造率决策,进而拓展至单生产商和n个竞争零售商情形,分析了一主多从Stackelberg博弈和联合决策,给出了协调供应链的利润共享合同。文献[15]假设直销渠道影响传统零售渠道需求和回收再制造可降低生产成本,研究了分散式控制下生产商与零售商之间的Stackelberg博弈和集中式控制下闭环供应链的决策,得到最优决策和利润,提出了带转移支付的批发价协调合同。但文献[9-15]未涉及搭便车行为。
可见,现有文献未综合考虑存在次品回收再制造和随机需求下双渠道供应链中信息搭便车行为[1-15]。本文将针对由单生产商、单传统零售商和单电子商务零售商组成的供应链,假定产品存在次品需返修、需求随机且与传统零售商的信息服务相关,研究电子商务零售商的信息搭便车行为,建模分析引入电子商务零售商前后供应链的分散式和集中式决策,并给出相应的协调合同,拓展了现有的研究结果。
1 传统渠道供应链的建模分析
1.1 模型假设
考虑同一市场上两条闭环供应链,供应链由生产商M和零售商R组成,进行生产、销售与回收品牌产品(=1,2),且两种产品为仅具有品牌差异的相同产品(如海尔电视、海信电视)。M委托R回收废旧产品,给其单位回收补贴s.M可完全用原材料生产或使用回收品零件生产,两种生产方式的单位成本分别为和,其中为成本节约率。设和分别为R的单位销售成本和单位回收成本,满足批发价、,供应链的单位回收收益.产品的需求函数为,其中p为产品的零售价,d>0刻画了潜在需求规模,1刻画了两种产品间的价格替代效应:产品的需求量关于自身价格单调递减(弹性为-),关于替代产品价格单调递增(弹性为)。废旧产品的供给函数为,其中b为废旧产品的回收价、q>0刻画了潜在回收规模,1刻画了两种废旧产品间的价格替代效应:废旧产品的供给量关于自身价格单调递增(弹性为),关于替代产品价格单调递减(弹性为)。设为单位回收再制造所产生的环境效益,政府给予生产商单位回收再制造补贴,以最大化环境效益与政府补贴的差额。供应链竞争均衡时产品售价和废旧产品回收价对应购销平衡和回收供给平衡,故M、R和闭环供应链的利润函数、及政府的目标函数:
考虑由生产商与传统零售商组成的传统渠道(实体店销售渠道)供应链,二者间进行Stackelberg博弈:先决定批发价>1,1为的单位生产成本;再决定订货量和信息服务(如产品宣传、打广告、客户体验等)水平;按订单生产,并在销售季节前交付给所订商品,但产品正品率为;收货时对商品进行检验,不合格产品由就地修复,单位修复成本为2; 假定次品在销售期内经修复后的完好率为,对于未能修复好的次品生产商将进行回收再制造,单位回收品可节约原材料费用为1,但需按批发价给补偿。销售季节结束后,对未售出的商品进行降价或处理,单位商品处理价格为2,满足1<2<(即处理残品要承担损失).假定零售价>+为外生变量,为的单位销售成本(含订货、收获检验、货架展示等成本).的信息服务成本()是信息服务水平的可微凸函数,满足(0)=0.处产品需求可表示为与售价和信息服务相关的确定项和随机项(刻画其它因素对需求的影响)之和:
其中,参数>0表示潜在市场规模,>0刻画信息服务对需求的正外部溢出效应,0, 随机变量的密度函数和分布函数分别为()和(), 且()为严格单调递增的二次可微函数,满足(0)=0, 并存在逆函数F. 式(1)表明,产品需求关于价格单调递减、关于信息服务水平单调递增。产品正品率(含修复达标品)为,可供销售的商品数量应满足. 记,经推导,处产品的期望未销售量为、期望销售量为. 不考虑缺货(因需求受到信息服务的影响)损失下生产商、零售商和供应链的利润分别为
(2)
(4)
结论1 传统渠道供应链中生产商、零售商及供应链的利润随产品的正品率、次品修复完好率、合格率的提高而增加。
1.2 传统渠道供应链的分散式决策模型
分散式供应链(Decentralized Supply Chain)中各成员均以自身利润最大化为目标进行决策。完全信息下传统渠道供应链分散式决策模型(生产商与零售商的Stackelberg博弈模型)是如下二层规划
由命题1,零售商决策满足如下一阶条件
求解上式,可得到传统零售商的决策
(6)
1.3 传统渠道供应链的集中式决策模型
集中式供应链(Centralized Supply Chain)中存在主导企业以供应链利润最大化为目标支配各方决策。完全信息下传统渠道供应链的集中式决策模型是如下优化问题
由命题2,类似2.3节,求解供应链利润函数的一阶条件方程组,得到供应链集中式最优决策
1.4 传统渠道供应链的协调合同设计
假定两条供应链均为分散式供应链(Decentralized Supply Chain),政府、生产商和零售商基于自身目标进行完全信息三阶段博弈:政府先决定单位回收再制造补贴;M再决定批发价w和单位回收补贴s;然后R决定产品的零售价p、回收价b、以及向M的订货量和返回废旧产品的数量,M组织生产并在销售季节前给R供货。DD模式下政府、生产商和零售商的三阶段博弈模型为:
2 双渠道供应链的建模分析
假定新增电子商务零售商进行网上产品销售,除了不进行信息投入外,决策过程与传统零售商类似。模型假设与上节相同,分别用下标与标注传统零售商和电子零售商相关的参数(如销售成本、价格等)和决策变量(订货量、信息服务水平)。传统渠道和电子渠道相互竞争,需求函数可表示为:
(10)
与上节推导类似,可得到生产商、传统零售商、电子零售商和供应链的利润分别为
(11)
(13)
(14)
结论3双渠道供应链中生产商、传统零售商、电子零售商及供应链的利润随产品的正品率、次品修复完好率、合格率的提高而增加。
2.1 双渠道供应链的分散式决策模型
完全信息下双渠道供应链的分散式决策模型是如下MPEC问题(带均衡约束的优化问题):
该模型下层是两个零售商相互竞争的博弈均衡,上层是生产商利润最大化问题。
求解上式,可得到两种渠道零售商的竞争均衡决策
(16)
2.2 双渠道供应链的集中式决策模型
完全信息下双渠道供应链的集中式决策模型是如下优化问题
由命题4,求解供应链利润函数的一阶条件方程组
可得到集中式控制下零售商为风险中性时的供应链最优决策
(18)
对比传统渠道供应链和双渠道供应链的决策(式(6)、式(8)和式(16)、式(18))可知,当引入电子渠道前后的参数没有变化()时,有:、、;、、.但当需求转移效应大于价格效应()时,传统零售商将受损:、、、;、、、.如下命题5成立。
命题5在参数保持不变的情况下,在传统渠道供应链中引入电子销售渠道后,将增大供应链的产品总需求量和总供给量、提升信息服务水平,但需求从传统渠道向电子渠道转移量太大时传统零售商将受损。
2.3 双渠道供应链的协调合同设计
3 算例与敏感性分析
依据调查和统计分析,得到模型参数:1=50,2=55,1=60,2=15,=2,,,此时,;产品需求函数中,=1000,=3,=5,随机变量服从均匀分布。下面进行模型求解和敏感性分析(参数含义见建模部分,求解结果进行了四舍五入)。
(1) 利用Matlab分别求解模型式(5)、式(7)、式(15)、式(17),得到传统渠道供应链和双渠道供应链的各方决策和利润(见表1), 可得到如下结论。
①在传统渠道供应链中引入电子销售渠道后,传统零售商的分散式订货量决策和及其利润下降(1552.4>1333.6、11523>10531),说明电子零售商的加入分担了一部分市场份额,对传统零售商造成负面影响;为此,生产商降低了传统零售商的产品批发价(78.9<82.5),同时传统零售商提升了信息服务水平(25.9<34.9);此时,生产商和供应链的利润有所提高(29236<32705, 40759<47846.7),说明引入电子渠道对供应链整体而言利大于弊。这也表明命题5的正确性。
②集中式决策下传统渠道(双渠道)供应链的订货量、信息服务水平和利润均大于分散式决策情形:3104.8>1552.4、74>25.9、55376>40759 (2702.7>1333.6、2413.5>1130.4、94.8>34.9、65715>47846.7),故需对分散式供应链进行协调以达到集中式控制效果。
表1 传统渠道供应链和双渠道供应链各成员的决策与利润及协调性分析
传统单渠道供应链分散式决策集中式决策回购加信息补贴下的决策 w82.584 q1552.43104.83104.8 25.97474 2923638763.2 1152316612.8 407595537655376 双渠道供应链分散式决策集中式决策回购加信息补贴下的决策 78.981 74.372 1333.62702.72702.7 1130.42413.52413.5 34.994.894.8 3270539429 1053113143 4610.713143 47846.76571565715
图1 变化时双渠道供应链各成员的决策与利润
图2变化时双渠道供应链各成员的决策与利润
图3 变化时双渠道供应链各成员的决策与利润
(3)基于算例和敏感性分析、及建模分析,提出如下管理建议:
①电子销售渠道的引入有利于供应链整体,供应链管理者应积极实施双渠道战略,但需避免需求转移过大使得传统渠道受损,可采取恰当的措施来隔离市场,如让两种渠道销售不同型号的同种产品。
②适度信息服务搭便车行为有利于供应链各方,但生产商应给传统零售商信息服务补贴,保证其提供信息服务的积极性。
③供应链管理者应对供应链进行必要协调,特别要避免发生传统零售渠道与电子销售渠道之间的恶性竞争,以提高供应链整体收益,实现各方共赢。
④生产商应尽可能提高产品正品率,避免产品返修;两种渠道零售商在制定订货决策时要考虑产品正品率和返修率,保证一定的需求满足率。
4 结论
本文首先建模分析了由生产商和零售商组成的传统渠道供应链的订货与信息服务决策,给出了实现供应链协调的回购加信息服务补贴合同;进而考虑引入电子渠道零售商,建立双渠道供应链的分散式决策模型和集中式决策模型,分析了电子渠道的免费信息服务搭便车行为,提出了回购加信息服务补贴的协调合同形式;最后进行了数值仿真和和敏感性分析。研究表明,(1)通过引入电子销售渠道有利于供应链整体,即双渠道供应链运作模式优于传统单渠道供应链;产品合格率越高,各成员和供应链的利润将上升;(2)分散式控制下的订货量、信息服务水平和成员利润均小于集中式控制情况,需对供应链进行必要的协调;(3)两种回购加信息服务补贴合同可分别协调传统渠道供应链和双渠道供应链的订货与信息服务决策;(4)恰当的电子渠道的信息服务搭便车行为有益于供应链各方。
本文只考虑了相对简单的供应链结构,未来可针对多个上游与多个下游、以及多条供应链的竞争结构,结合决策者的风险偏好、信息不对称等情况展开进一步研究。
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Research on the Decisions of Order and Information Service and Coordination of Supply Chain with Information Free-riding
XU Bing, LIU Lu
(Department of Management Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China)
The development of information and network technology promotes the online transaction. The dual-channel mode, where the traditional retail channel and the network channel controlled by e-commerce retailers coexist, is widely adopted by many enterprises. There exists the information service free-riding behavior since e-commerce retailers may benefit from the information service of traditional retailers. For example, a lot of consumers acquire product information at the traditional store, and then purchase the product online in order to pay at the lower price. At the same time, the product defective rate, return policy and remanufacturing strategy affect the retailers’ order decision and the profit of supply chain. However, lack of studies has been done on the information free-riding behavior and remanufacturing defect products in dual-channel supply chain (DCSC) under stochastic demand. This paper establishes models to research on this problem.
Firstly, his study considers that one supply chain (SC) with traditional retail channel consists of one manufacturer and one retailer. This study makes the assumption that there are defective products that need to be repaired, and the product demand is random and affected by retailers' sales price and information service level. This paper studies the Stackelberg game between the manufacturer and the retailer. The decentralized and centralized decision models of order and information service of SC are set up. It shows that the order quantity and information service level are lower in the decentralized mode than in centralized mode. Thus, one buy-back plus information service subsidy contract is put forward to coordinate this SC. Secondly, this study considers that the information service free-riding behavior of one e-commerce retailer, the MPEC model of decentralized decision mode and optimal model of centralized decision of DCSC are put forward by using the equilibrium analysis method. The order quantity and information service level are also lower in the decentralized mode. Another buy-back plus information service subsidy contract is presented to coordinate this DCSC. Finally, the reasonability of the proposed models and feasibility of the coordinative contracts are demonstrated by a numerical example and its sensitivity analysis.
After introducing electronic sale-channel benefits into the whole supply chain, the centralized decision mode is superior to the decentralized decision mode. Two buy-back plus information service subsidy contracts can respectively coordinate the SC with traditional channel and the DCSC effectively. According to the sensitivity analysis, the improvement of the rate of qualified product and the recovery rate of unqualified product lead to the increment of order quantity and information service level, which enhances the profits of manufacturer, traditional retailer, e-commerce retailer and whole DCSC in decentralized decision mode. Similar conclusions can be obtained in centralized decision mode. In decentralized decision mode, the higher the degree of information service free-riding behavior is, the more order quantity and higher information service traditional retailer makes, and the more profit traditional retailer and manufacturer obtain. However, the profit of e-commerce retailer will firstly increase, and then decrease. This means that the information service free-riding behavior is propitious to the e-commerce retailer, but excessive free-riding behavior may have adverse effect on their profit. The manufacturer will reduce the wholesale price of products selling to the traditional retailer in order to stimulate them to increase the information service level.In the centralized decision mode, the order quantity, the information service level and the profit of DCSC will increase along with the improvement of information service free-riding factor.
Based on the modeling and sensitivity analysis, some management countermeasures are put forward as following. Firstly, supply chain managers should actively implement the strategy of dual-channel since the introduction of electronic channel is advantageous to the whole supply chain. However, the transfer of excessive demand from traditional channel to electronic channel should be avoided. Some appropriate measures should be taken to partially isolate two kinds of channels. For example, the same products sold in the electronic channel and traditional channel internet can be different in model, dimension or color and so on. Secondly, the manufacturer should subsidize the traditional retailer to prompt his devotion of information service since the suitable information free-riding behavior benefits all agents of DCSC. Thirdly, the managers of supply chain should coordinate with the agents in order to avoid the vicious competition between traditional retail channel and electronic channel, which can improve the profit of whole supply chain and create win-win situations. Fourthly, the manufacturer should improve the rate of qualified product as much as they can do, and avoid excessive unqualified products that can’t be recovered. At the same time, the retailers from two kinds of channels should consider the rate of qualified product and the recovery rate of unqualified product when ordering the products in order to guarantee the realized proportion of demand.
This paper makes some contributions as following. Firstly, the decentralized and centralized decision models of the SC with traditional channel and the DCSC are introduced to understand e-commerce retailers. Secondly, two buy-back plus information service subsidy contracts are put forward to coordinate traditional SC and DCSC. Thirdly, the rate of qualified product, recovery and remanufacturing product and the factor of information free-riding are studied based on the sensitivity analysis. Finally, some management countermeasures are obtained. These studies can guide the practical operation of e-commerce and DCSC. There exist some potentially interesting extensions such as the DCSC with multiple upper-layer enterprises, multiple lower-layer enterprises, the risk preference of decision makers, information asymmetry and so on. More research should be done on the competition between two DCSCs and how to coordinate one DCSC under competition.
dual-channel supply chain (DCSC);information free-riding behavior; defective products’ return and repairing; MPEC (Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constrains); buy-back plus information service subsidy contract
中文编辑:杜 健;英文编辑:Charlie C. Chen
F224
A
1004-6062(2016)04-0117-07
10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2016.04.015
2013-10-09
2014-05-03
国家自然科学基金资助项目(NSFC70961006);中国博士后科学基金资助项目(20100481186);中国博士后科学基金特别资助项目(2012T50593)
徐兵(1972—),男,江西南昌人;南昌大学管理科学与工程系教授,硕士生导师;研究方向:运筹学、物流与供应链管理。