单纯瓣膜置换术后并发急性肾损伤的危险因素分析
2016-09-25徐先增周婷刘阳春钱静谢晓勇雷宾峰冯旭郑宝石
徐先增,周婷,刘阳春,钱静,谢晓勇,雷宾峰,冯旭,郑宝石
单纯瓣膜置换术后并发急性肾损伤的危险因素分析
徐先增,周婷,刘阳春,钱静,谢晓勇,雷宾峰,冯旭,郑宝石
目的:分析单纯瓣膜置换术(HVPI)后并发急性肾损伤(AKI)危险因素。
方法:回顾性分析我院心外科接受HVPI的400例患者。根据RIFLE标准,所有患者根据有无AKI将患者分为急性肾损伤组(AKI组,n=157)和肾功能正常组(n=243)。记录人口学特征、术前、术中以及术后等多种变量,进行单因素和多因素分析。
结果:AKI发生率为39.3%。400例HVPI患者的术前血清肌酐为85.0(72.0,98.0)μmol/L,术后血清肌酐为104.5 (80.0,146.3)μmol/L,增高20.9%(1.6%,57.9%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic多因素分析发现,>50岁(OR =2.12,95%CI :1.13~3.95)、高血压病史(OR=4.07,95%CI:1.23~13.47)、转机时间>180 min(OR=5.38,95%CI:1.63~17.77)、术后血红蛋白<70 g/L(OR=0.20,95%CI:0.06~0.74,)、血清谷丙转氨酶>100 U/L(OR=12.10,95%CI:2.28~64.23)、手术当天胸液引流量>500 ml(OR=2.12,95%CI:1.13~3.95)、手术24 h后拔除气管插管(OR=3.94,95%CI:2.07~7.52)、合并低心排综合征(OR=4.64,95%CI:1.06~20.29)是HVPI术后并发AKI的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。
结论:HVPI后AKI是多因素造成的,术前主要与年龄、高血压有关,术中主要和转机时间有关,术后主要和延迟拔管、低心排综合征、贫血、胸液引流量增多以及谷丙转氨酶增高有关。关键词心脏瓣膜假体植入;急性肾损伤;危险因素
Abstract
Objective:To analyze the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) after isolated heart valve prosthesis implantation (HVPI) in relevant patients.
Methods:We retrospectively studied 400 patients who received isolated HVPI in our hospital. The demographic characteristics and pre-,intra-,post-operative information were collected to conduct uni- and multi-variantanalysis.
Results:The pre-operative serum creatinine level in 400 patients was 85.0 (72.0,98.0) μmol/L and post-operative level was 104.5 (80.0,146.3) μmol/L,the elevation was 20.9% (1.6%,57.9%),P<0.05. Multi Logistic regression analysis indicated that age>50years (OR=2.12,95% CI 1.13-3.95),hypertension history (OR=4.07,95% CI1.23-13.47),cardiopulmonary bypass time>180 minutes (OR=5.38,95% CI 1.63-17.77),post-operative hemoglobin<70 g/L (OR=0.20,95% CI 0.06=0.74),serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase>100 u/L (OR=12.10,95% CI 2.28-64.23),pleural fluid drainage at the day of operation> 500 ml (OR=2.12,95% CI 1.13-3.95),extubation after 24 hours of operation (OR=3.94,95% CI 2.07-7.52),combining low cardiac output syndrome (OR=4.64,95% CI 1.06-20.29) were the independent risk factors for AKI occurrence in patients after HVPI,all P<0.05.
Conclusion:Post-HVPI AKI was associated with many factors. At prior operation,it was mainly related to the ageand hypertension; during theoperation,it was mainly related to cardiopulmonary bypass time; at post-operation,it was mainly related to delayed extubation,low cardiac outputsyndrome,anemia,increased pleural fluid drainage and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase.
(Chinese Circulation Journal,2016,31:785.)
瓣膜性心脏病的病因有多种,在欠发达国家和地区,风湿性心脏病是其主要原因[1],经体外循环施行瓣膜置换术(HVPI)是瓣膜性心脏病的主要治疗方法。虽然近年来我国冠状动脉旁路移植术和大血管手术逐年增加,但单纯HVPI仍然构成成人外科心脏手术的主体,降低单纯HVPI术后并发症,减少死亡率仍然具有重要意义。心脏外科术后并发急性肾损伤(AKI)很常见,发生率为0.3%~29.7%[2,3]。AKI发生后可明显延长术后住院时间,增加医疗费用,近期和远期死亡率增加,这种风险与血浆肌酐水平呈正相关[4,5]。目前发现心脏术后AKI的发生与多因素相关[6,7],但各研究结果并不一致,研究国人单纯HVPI后AKI的危险因素,并对其有针对性地预防可能有重要意义。
1 资料与方法
1.1研究对象
应用回顾性分析研究方法,选择我院2013-01-01至2014-01-01期间全麻体外循环下行HVPI的400例患者。男性208例(52%),女性192例(48%);年龄11~85(50.5±11.1)岁;二尖瓣置换200例(50.0%),主动脉瓣置换85例(21.3%),双瓣置换115例(28.8%),52例(13%)患者同时行射频消融术。转机时间(116.1±56.1)min,主动脉阻断时间(76.0±35.4)min,265例(66.3%)患者于术后24 h内拔除气管插管,呼吸机应用时间为14.3(10.0,22.0) h,监护室滞留时间为2.0(1.0,2.0)d,术后住院期间死亡6例(1.5%)。所有患者根据有无AKI将患者分为急性肾损伤组(AKI组,n=157)和肾功能正常组(n=243)。
诊断标准:AKI诊断采用RIFLE诊断标准[8],即符合下列3项之一:(1)术后1周内血清肌酐最高浓度大于术前基线值的1.5倍以上;(2)肌酐清除率降低幅度大于术前基线值的25%以上;(3)尿量减少至0.5 ml/kg超过6 h。
低心排综合征诊断标准[9]:(1)为维持收缩压大于90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),需要应用多巴胺至少4 μg/(kg·min)持续12 h以上或需要应用主动脉反搏气囊进行机械支持,(2)有器官灌注受损的体征。
排除标准:(1)同时行其他心脏病或大血管病手术等;(2)一次住院期间行两次及以上HVPI;(3)资料严重缺失。
1.2病资料采集
通过查阅病历登记患者数据,包括人口学特征变量、术前变量、术中变量以及术后变量。
1.3统计学方法
使用 SPSS19.0 软件包进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料数据以均数±标准差(±s)表示,组间差异比较用独立样本t检验,试验前后比较用配对样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以四分位数表示,组间比较用独立样本秩和检验,前后比较用配对样本秩和检验;计数资料数据以频数(百分率)表示,组间比较用卡方检验;P<0.10入选多因素分析。AKI多因素分析将有意义的单个危险因素转换成二分类变量,应用前进逐步法Logistic 回归进行多因素分析,方程P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
HVPI前、后肾功能指标变化:患者术前血清肌酐为85.0(72.0,98.0)μmol/L,术后血清肌酐为104.5(80.0,146.3)μmol/L,绝对值增高了17.0 (2.0,55.0)μmol/L,相对增高了20.9%(1.6%,57.9%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。157例(39.3%)患者出现AKI。肾功能正常组和AKI组患者术后肌酐水平分别为85.0(72.0,103.5)μmol/L和164.0 (129.0,225.0)μmol/L,分别较术前增高了5.0 (-6.0,14)μmol/L和66.0(40.3,128.3)μmol/L,相对增高了5.5%(-7.1%,17.6%)和77.9%(46.2%,157.8%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
AKI单因素分析(表1):人口学特征变量包括女性、年龄,术前变量包括高血压病、糖尿病以及基线肌酐,术中变量包括转机时间、主动脉阻断时间,术后变量包括手术当天胸液引流量、术后24 h后拔管、低心排综合征、术后1周内最低血红蛋白水平、最高白细胞计数、最低血小板计数、最高胆红素水平、最高谷转氨酶水平、最低白蛋白水平、最高血糖水平以及最高乳酸水平均与AKI有关。
表1 急性肾损伤的单因素分析结果(±s)
表1 急性肾损伤的单因素分析结果(±s)
注:*:术后1周内检测结果,△:四分位数表示;1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
AKI多因素分析(表2):高血压病史、年龄>50岁、转机时间>180 min、术后血红蛋白水平<70 g/L、血清谷丙转氨酶水平>100 U/L、手术当天胸液引流量>500 ml、术后24 h后拔气管插管,低心排综合征是HVPI后出现AKI的独立危险因素。
表2 单纯HVPI后急性肾损伤的危险因素Logistic 回归分析结果
3 讨论
在我国一些省份,单纯HVPI构成心脏外科手术的主体,相对比冠状动脉旁路移植术,HVPI患者年龄虽然相对较轻,但术前病史更长,心功能和身体条件可能更差,合并症更多[10],术后恢复和监护具有一定的特殊性,术后AKI发生率更高[11]。本组患者采用RIFLE标准,发现HVPI术后血清肌酐水平较术前明显增加,AKI的发生率高达39.3%,相比其他数据偏高,可能与术后观察时间较长(1周)、采用较为敏感的RIFLE标准以及体外循环较长时间有关。AKI患者中肾功能损害多为轻中度,仅有12例需要肾脏替代治疗。
我们对可能导致AKI的人口学特征以及术前、术中、术后多种变量进行初筛,然后进行多因素分析判断AKI的独立危险因素。结果发现,HVPI后AKI与多种因素有独立相关性,包括年龄、高血压病史、体外循环时间、术后引流量增多、贫血、延迟拔管、低心排综合征和谷丙转氨酶增高等8项指标,其中风险最高的三个因素是谷丙转氨酶增高、体外循环转机超过180 min以及术后低心排综合征,均属于术中和术后因素。这些危险因导致AKI可能的机制:(1)人口学特征和术前因素:年龄增大和长期高血压病史,均可使肾功能储备下降,HVPI术后发生AKI发生率增加。(2)术中因素:长时间的体外循环通过炎症反应、细胞破坏和缺血再灌注损伤等多种机制导致AKI,缩短体外循环时间可能是预防的关键。其他研究也提示体外循环心脏手术可比非体外循环心脏手术显著增加AKI发生率[12],并且体外循环时间大于180 min时合并AKI的风险更高[13]。(3)术后因素:血红蛋白下降可直接导致肾脏皮质和髓质的缺血缺氧[14],同时意味着术中更多的红细胞破坏,红细胞破坏后可通过血中游离血红蛋白增多和脂质过氧化等机制导致AKI[15];术后低心排综合征可使肾脏灌注受损,且低血压和贫血可能对损害肾功能有协同作用[16];胸液引流增多可引起低血容量休克和贫血,均可使肾脏灌注下降和组织缺氧,过多的异体输血也可通过多种机制使肾功能恶化[17]。术后24 h后拔除气管插管也与AKI明显相关,这一关联在其他研究中也有反映[18],虽然这部分患者可能术后24 h内尚不具备拔管条件,但长时间气管插管和机械通气可增加感染机会,致使AKI发生率增加;AKI时谷丙转氨酶亦明显增高,即肝肾功能常常同时受损,可能的原因是体外循环期间肝脏供血也下降明显[19],低温高流量的体外循环模式对改善肝血流有益[20]。
本研究尚存在以下缺陷:(1)属于回顾性分析,一些患者因为数据不全未能入选,其结果的说服力也不如前瞻性性研究;(2)某些可能导致AKI的危险因素因为筛查困难未入选,如术后抗生素的使用、术后并发感染等;(3)样本量总体偏小,为单中心数据等。
[1]Iung B,Vahanian A. Epidemiology of acquired valvular heart disease. Can J Cardiol,2014,30: 962-970.
[2]Hoste EA,Cruz DN,Davenport A,et al. The epidemiology of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs,2008,31:158-165.
[3]Lassnigg A,Schmidlin D,Mouhieddine M,et al. Minimal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol,2004,5: 1597-1605.
[4]Lassnigg A,Schmidlin D,Mouhieddine M,et al. Minimal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol,2004,15:1597-1605.
[5]Kandler K,Jensen ME,Nilsson JC,et al. Acute Kidney Injury Is Independently Associated With Higher Mortality After Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2014,28: 1448-1452.
[6]Kristovic D,Horvatic I,Husedzinovic I,et al. Cardiac surgeryassociated acute kidney injury: risk factors analysis and comparison of prediction models. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2015,21: 366-373.
[7]Parolari A,Pesce LL,Pacini D,et al. Risk factors for perioperative acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery: role of perioperative management. Ann Thorac Surg,2012,93: 584-591.
[8]Bellomo R,Ronco C,Kellum JA,et al.Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative workgroup. Acute renal failure - definition,outcome measures,animal models,fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care,2004,17:R204-R212.
[9]Sá MP,Nogueira JR,Ferraz PE,et al. Risk factors for low cardiac output syndrome after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc,2012,27: 217-223.
[10]许发珍,李志,何勇,等. 1390例心脏瓣膜病合并肺动脉高压行瓣膜手术疗效分析. 中国循环杂志,2011,26: 256-259.
[11]Thakar CV,Arrigain S,Worley S,et al. A clinical score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol,2005,16:162-168.
[12]Garg AX,Devereaux PJ,Yusuf S,et al. Kidney function after off-pump or on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial. CORONARY Investigators. J Am Med Assoc,2014,311: 2191-2198.
[13]Mangano CM,Diamondstone LS,Ramsay JG,et al. Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization: risk factors,adverse outcomes,and hospital resource utilization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Ann Intern Med,1998,128: 194-203.
[14]Darby PJ,Kim N,Hare GM,et al. Anemia increases the risk of renal cortical and medullary hypoxia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion,2013,28: 504-511.
[15]Billings FT,Ball SK,Roberts LJ,et al. Postoperative acute kidney injury is associated with hemoglobinemia and an enhanced oxidative stress response. Free Radic Biol Med,2011,50: 1480-1487.
[16]Haase M,Bellomo R,Story D,et al.Effect of mean arterial pressure,haemoglobin and blood transfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass on post-operative acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant,2012,27:153-160.
[17]Karkouti K. Transfusion and risk of acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth,2012,109( Suppl1): i29-i38.
[18]龚志云,高长青,李伯君,等. 体外循环心脏手术后早期急性肾损伤的临床分析. 中华医学杂志,2012,92: 3283-3287.
[19]Hampton WW,Townsend MC,Schirmer WJ,et al. Effective hepatic blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. Arch Surg,1989,124:458-459.
[20]Mathie RT. Hepatic blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. Crit Care Med,1993,21(2 Suppl): S72-76.
Risk Factor Analysis of Acute Kidney Injury After Isolated Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation in Relevant Patients
XU Xian-zeng,ZHOU Ting,LIU Yang-chun,QIAN Jing,XIE Xiao-yong,LEI Bin-feng,FENG Xu,ZHENG Bao-shi.
Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit,The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,Nanning (530021),Guangxi,China
Corresponding Author: ZHENG Bao-shi,Email: zhengbs25@vip.sina.com
Heart valve prosthesis implantation; Acute kidney injury; Risk factors
2015-11-20)
(编辑:许菁)
广西卫生厅自筹基金项目(桂卫Z2010343)
530021广西壮族自治区南宁市,广西医科大学第一附属医院胸心外科重症监护室(徐先增、周婷、刘阳春、钱静),心外科(谢晓勇、雷宾峰、冯旭、郑宝石)
徐先增副主任医师博士主要从事心脏重症研究Email:xu_xianzeng@sina.com通讯作者:郑宝石Email:zhengbs25@vip.sina.com
R54
A
1000-3614(2016)08-0785-04
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2016.08.014