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鸭呼肠孤病毒人工感染SPF鸡胚的病理学研究

2016-09-19刘晓丽程国富谷长勤张万坡胡薛英

中国农业科学 2016年14期
关键词:呼肠病理变化病毒感染

刘晓丽,刘 婷,刘 波,程国富,谷长勤,张万坡,胡薛英

(华中农业大学动物医学院,武汉 430070)

鸭呼肠孤病毒人工感染SPF鸡胚的病理学研究

刘晓丽,刘 婷,刘 波,程国富,谷长勤,张万坡,胡薛英

(华中农业大学动物医学院,武汉 430070)

【目的】前人研究表明禽呼肠孤病毒可以经卵垂直传播,禽呼肠孤病毒能引起雏禽的病毒性关节炎、呼吸道和肠道疾病、肝炎、心肌炎、免疫抑制等。以实验室分离的鸭呼肠孤病毒HP080421株为研究对象,该毒株引起病变主要以鸭软脚为主要临床特征,病鸭肝脏和脾脏表面有大量的白色坏死灶、肾脏肿大、出血为主要病变特点。鸭呼肠孤病毒对鸡胚的致病性研究,旨在通过雏鸡的病理变化特点,探讨所分离的HP080421鸭呼肠孤病毒株是否也可感染鸡群,为鸡场鸭呼肠孤病毒感染的防控提供理论依据。【方法】运用华中农业大学兽医病理学实验室分离鉴定的HP080421株鸭呼肠孤病毒通过尿囊腔接种SPF鸡胚,建立SPF鸡胚鸭呼肠孤病毒感染模型,培养鸡胚至雏鸡出壳,运用临床观察、病理剖检、H.E染色和免疫组织化学染色等病理组织学检查方法,对鸭呼肠孤病毒感染SPF鸡胚进行病理学研究和致病性分析。【结果】研究发现病毒感染鸡胚孵化培养至22—23日龄均啄壳,但不能自主出壳,需人工剥壳。病理剖检可见雏鸡的肝脏、脾脏肿胀质脆,表面及实质分布有黄白色坏死灶;脑部组织肿胀,并可见出血点和出血斑。H.E染色的组织病理学观察可见接毒组雏鸡肝脏、脾脏的坏死灶周围有大量淋巴细胞浸润;法氏囊的滤泡髓质部和胸腺的髓质部淋巴细胞减少、缺失;脑、肺脏、肾脏存在不同程度的淤血、出血和水肿;免疫组织化学染色结果表明:病毒阳性信号主要分布于肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和法氏囊等器官,并且位于上皮细胞和巨噬细胞的细胞质和胞核内。【结论】鸭呼肠孤病毒株HP080421 能够在SPF鸡胚中复制增殖,并使雏鸡主要器官发生明显的病理变化,病理变化主要集中在肝脏和淋巴器官,因此鸭呼肠孤病毒可通过垂直传播感染鸡群,还可导致雏鸡免疫抑制。本研究通过SPF鸡胚鸭呼肠孤病毒感染模型,阐述了鸭呼肠孤病毒感染鸡群的可能性,因此在实际养殖过程中,养殖户要防止鸭呼肠孤病毒对鸡胚的污染,切断传播途径,以达到预防鸡群感染鸭呼肠孤病毒的目的。

鸭呼肠孤病毒;SPF鸡胚;病理剖检;免疫器官;H.E染色

0 引言

【研究意义】研究鸭呼肠孤病毒(duck reovirus,DRV)对鸡胚的致病作用,同时探讨DRV在垂直传播中的情况,旨在对鸡场DRV感染的防护与控制提出积极有效的意见。【前人研究进展】禽呼肠孤病毒的易感动物包括鸡、鹅、火鸡、鸭等[1]。禽呼肠孤病毒能引起雏禽的病毒性关节炎(腱鞘炎)、呼吸道和肠道疾病、肝炎、心肌炎、免疫抑制等[2-9],另外有研究表明,禽呼肠孤病毒可以经卵垂直传播[10]。2003年至今鸭呼肠孤病毒陆续在中国被报道,感染鸭呼肠孤病毒相关的疾病归结为4种,即鸭多脏器坏死症、多脏器出血症、肝坏死症和脾坏死症[11-15]。而华中农业大学兽医病理学实验室对 DRV多年研究结果证实,DRV引起病变主要以造成鸭软脚为主要临床特征,肝脏和脾脏表面有大量的白色坏死灶、肾脏以肿大、出血为主要病变特点[16-21]。【本研究切入点】尽管禽呼肠孤病毒的宿主范围广泛,鸡、鹅、火鸡、鸭、鸽子、鹦鹉、鸵鸟等家养禽类与野生禽类均可感染,但本试验所分离的鸭呼肠孤病毒是否也可感染鸡群等其他动物一直未予验证,为此拟建立SPF鸡胚DRV感染模型。【拟解决的关键问题】建立SPF鸡胚DRV感染模型,通过尿囊腔接种鸭呼肠孤病毒,培养鸡胚至雏鸡出壳,运用临床观察、病理剖检、组织病理学观察等技术研究鸭呼肠孤病毒对鸡胚的致病性。

1 材料与方法

1.1试验时间、地点

本研究室内试验于 2015年在华中农业大学兽医病理学实验室进行。

1.2试验材料

1.2.1病毒 接种材料为华中农业大学动物医学院兽医病理学实验室分离鉴定并保存的HP080421株鸭呼肠孤病毒。

1.2.2试验动物 SPF鸡胚12只,购自武汉市畜牧科技研究所。

1.3试验方法

1.3.1试验动物分组 10日龄SPF鸡胚12枚分为两组,接毒组与对照组。接毒组SPF鸡胚经尿囊腔注射鸭呼肠孤病毒HP080421株(ELD50=10-5.75/0.2mL),0.2mL/枚;对照组SPF鸡胚尿囊腔接种等量灭菌生理盐水0.2mL/枚。37℃温箱培养,适时观察。

1.3.2临床观察及尸体剖检 每天照蛋观察,第一天死亡的鸡胚弃去。待鸡胚啄壳、出壳,处死雏鸡,剖检观察。剖检鸡胚,接毒组与对照组对比观察。对试验感染组、对照组鸡胚剖检时,对比切取雏鸡肝脏、脾脏、脑、法氏囊、胸腺、肺脏、肾脏、腺胃及小肠有病变或疑似有病变的部位,4%多聚甲醛固定。

1.3.3病理切片制作及显微观察 常规石蜡切片制作[22-24],切片厚4μm,H.E染色和IHC染色。IHC染色方法为SABC法,AEC显色,鼠抗鸭呼肠孤病毒单克隆抗体(中国农业大学苏敬良教授赠送)工作浓度是1∶400,染色结果在生物光学显微镜(Nikon80i)观察,采集图片(NIS-Elements高清晰度彩色图文分析系统),记录结果。

2 结果

2.1感染鸭呼肠孤病毒后鸡胚的存活状况

对照组6枚全部存活,孵化培养至20—21d陆续啄壳并出壳;试验组6枚全部存活,孵化培养至22—23日龄均啄壳,但不能自主出壳,于是人工剥壳并处死雏鸡。

2.2剖检病理变化

肝脏肿大、质脆、表面及实质分布有大量肉眼可见的大小不等的黄白色坏死灶(图1-A)。脾脏肿胀近球形、质脆、表面及实质分布有大量肉眼可见的绿豆大小的黄白色坏死灶(图1-B)。脑组织肿胀,表面分布有大小不一的出血点和出血斑。对照组雏鸡各组织器官眼观病理变化不明显。

图1 雏鸡剖检病理变化Fig.1 Necropsy pathologic changes of infected chicken

2.3组织病理学变化

肝细胞不同程度变性坏死崩解,其间夹杂出血灶,并见大量炎性细胞浸润,肝脏坏死灶机化形成包囊,(图2-A);脾脏白髓内淋巴细胞凋亡、数量减少,部分淋巴细胞空泡变性、核碎裂、崩解坏死,坏死灶周围可见多核巨细胞、炎性细胞浸润形成肉芽肿(图2-B);胸腺皮质部淋巴细胞排列疏松,髓质部组织细胞间充满红细胞,淋巴细胞变性坏死崩解,数量减少,可见胸腺小体(图2-C);法氏囊肌层与黏膜间距增大,组织水肿,滤泡的皮质、髓质部细胞排列疏松,滤泡髓质部有大量细胞核碎片,淋巴细胞减少、凋亡(图2-D);大脑血管、神经细胞与周围组织细胞间隙增大(图2-E);腺胃和小肠黏膜固有层中有大量炎性细胞浸润(图2-F);肾小管周围毛细血管扩张,充满了红细胞,部分肾小管上皮细胞变性并与基底膜分离,脱落至管腔(图2-G);肺脏小静脉、毛细血管充满红细胞,肺小叶间隔增宽(图2-H)。对照组未见明显的组织病理变化。

图2 感染雏鸡病理组织学变化Fig.2 Histopathological changes of infected chicken

免疫组织病理学变化表明:阳性信号主要位于肝脏、脾脏的坏死灶周围的巨噬细胞的细胞质内,另外法氏囊和肺支气管粘膜上皮细胞内亦可见阳性信号(图3)。

图3 感染雏鸡免疫组织化学变化Fig.3 Immunohistochemical changes of infected chicken (200×)

3 讨论

3.1鸭呼肠孤病毒感染后鸡胚存活状况

已知在孵化正常的情况下,健雏出壳时间比较一致,通常在孵化第20日龄开始出雏,满21日龄出雏结束;而病雏、弱雏会过早或过迟出雏,出雏时间延至 22日龄以上[25]。在培养条件一致的情况下,对照组孵化培养至20—21日龄陆续啄壳并出壳,而接毒组孵化培养至22—23 d啄壳却不能出壳。垂直传播指感染母鸡通过卵将病原体传给子代的过程,垂直传播病是危害养禽业健康发展的全球性的一大类重要疾病;尤其是蛋用种鸡,因其可以将病原体通过卵直接传给商品代蛋鸡,引起生殖系统损伤,表现为发病率高、产蛋率低,疾病在鸡场内长期存在并难以消除和经济损失严重等特点[26]。本研究结果表明:鸭呼肠孤病毒尿囊腔接种SPF鸡胚后,能够在鸡胚体内增殖并垂直传播,且对鸡胚有致弱作用,导致其不能正常出壳,影响生长发育。

3.2鸭呼肠孤病毒感染SPF鸡胚后剖检变化

对照组雏鸡组织器官未见明显病理变化,接毒组雏鸡的主要病理变化集中在肝脏和脾脏,表面和实质分布有肉眼可见大小不一的黄白色坏死灶;而其他组织器官如心脏、脑组织、腺胃、小肠、肾脏、肺脏、胸腺等未出现坏死,仅出现出血、水肿等轻微病理变化。这些病理变化与DRV感染引起雏鸭的病理变化具有相似性[16-21],表明 HP080421株鸭呼肠孤病毒(DRV)对SPF鸡胚有致病性,且能引起与鸭感染DRV后相似的病理变化。

3.3鸭呼肠孤病毒感染SPF鸡胚后组织病理学变化

脾脏、肝脏坏死灶内细胞坏死,周围有炎性细胞浸润;法氏囊滤泡髓质部、胸腺髓质部组织排列疏松、呈空洞状、淋巴细胞数量减少,细胞核碎裂或溶解消失;而肺脏、肾脏、腺胃及小肠、脑组织存在不同程度的水肿和出血、淤血。从结果中可以看出,雏鸡的病理变化主要集中在肝脏和淋巴器官,病毒的阳性信号主要出现在肝、肺、脾和法氏囊,并且位于上皮细胞和巨噬细胞的细胞质和胞核内。鸭呼肠孤病毒侵染胚体免疫器官后,引起淋巴细胞凋亡,继而免疫器官内淋巴细胞数量减少,提示鸭呼肠孤病毒可能会通过损伤免疫器官,减弱免疫系统的功能,引起雏鸡的免疫抑制,与李爽得出的鸭源禽呼肠孤病毒感染能引起雏鸭机体免疫抑制的结论具有一致性[18]。

4 结论

鸭呼肠孤病毒株HP080421能够在SPF鸡胚中复制增殖,并使雏鸡产生明显的病理变化。因此本研究表明鸭呼肠孤病毒存在交叉感染,而且鸭呼肠孤病毒能够通过鸡胚垂直传播,因此在实际养殖过程中,要防止病毒对鸡胚的污染,切断传播途径。鸭呼肠孤病毒感染引起鸡胚免疫器官损伤,推测鸡场感染鸭呼肠孤病毒,鸡群免疫力低下,可能会加重其他病原对鸡群的致病性,更易发生继发感染。

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(责任编辑 林鉴非)

The Pathogenicity of Duck Reovirus on SPF Chicken Embryo

LIU Xiao-li,LIU Ting,LIU Bo,CHENG Guo-fu,GU Chang-qin,ZHANG Wan-po,HU Xue-ying
(College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070)

【Objective】Previous studies showed that avian reovirus could infect vertically through egg,and avian reovirus can cause avian viral arthritis,respiratory and intestinal disease,myocarditis,hepatitis,immune suppression and so on. HP080421 strain of duck reovirus(DRV) isolated in the authors’ laboratory can cause soft duck feet as the main clinical features,and sick duck showed that a lot of white necrotic stove was on the surface of liver and spleen,and also kidney swelling and bleeding as the main pathological features. In this study,the pathogenicity of DRV to chicken embryo was investigated and whether the isolated HP080421 strain could infect chickens through the pathological changes of chicken was discussed,in order to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of DRV infection.【Method】The infection model of SPF chicken to DRV was established through allantoic cavity inoculation SPF chicken embryos by using the isolated and identified HP080421 strains of DRV isolated in the lab. After chicks hatched from embryos,pathological examination methods such as clinicalobservation,pathological section examination,HE staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to study the pathobiology and pathogenicity of the SPF chicken embryo infected by DRV.【Result】Clinical observation found that chicken embryos were able to peck the shell after 22 - 23 days,but could not go out from the eggshell by themselves compared to the control group. At necropsy,liver and spleen were breakable and slightly swelling,many different size and yellow-white necrotic foci were consistently observed in the spleen and liver of the experimental group; the brain tissue was slightly swelling with few bleeding spots covered on it. Histopathological examination of H.E staining revealed necrotic foci in spleen and liver,which consisted of a necrotic center with lymphocytes infiltration at the periphery; in the Bursa of Fabricus,as well as in the thymus,lymphocyte depletion was apparent and cavities had developed in medulla. Besides,other organs such as lung,brain and kidney,showed different degrees of congestion and edema. Immunohistochemical detection showed that liver,lung,spleen and bursa of fabriciusa had positive signals,and were located in the cytoplasm and nucleus of epithelial cells and macrophages.【Conclusion】The results showed that the virus strain HP08421 could infect SPF chicken embryo and cause some specific pathologic changes. The pathological changes mainly focus on the liver and lymphoid organs,so DRV can be infected by vertical transmission of chickens,and can also lead to immune suppression. This study has expounded the possibility of infection of chickens by DRV,through the infection model of SPF chicken to DRV,as a matter of fact,in the actual process of production,farmers should prevent chicken embryo pollution by DRV to cut off the route of transmission,to achieve the purpose of preventing DRV infection.

duck reovirus; SPF chicken embryo; necropsy; immune organs; hematoxylin-eosin staining

2015-11-04;接受日期:2016-06-06

教育部培育专项(新兴领域)(2011PY081)

联系方式:刘晓丽,E-mail:xiaoliliu1983@mail.hzau.edu.cn。通信作者胡薛英,Tel:027-87280282;E-mail:hxying@mail.hzau.edu.cn

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