APP下载

人类趋化素样因子超家族2在精索静脉曲张大鼠模型中的表达

2016-09-01张晓威顿耀军殷华奇胡志平赵永平

北京大学学报(医学版) 2016年4期
关键词:生精小管精索

张晓威,顿耀军,唐 旭,殷华奇,胡志平,赵永平,徐 涛,李 清△

(北京大学人民医院 1. 泌尿外科; 2. 肝胆外科; 3. 生殖医学中心,北京 100044)



·论著·

人类趋化素样因子超家族2在精索静脉曲张大鼠模型中的表达

张晓威1*,顿耀军1*,唐旭1,殷华奇1,胡志平2,赵永平3,徐涛1,李清1△

(北京大学人民医院1. 泌尿外科; 2. 肝胆外科; 3. 生殖医学中心,北京100044)

目的:通过建立精索静脉曲张大鼠模型,探讨人类趋化素样因子超家族2(chemokine like factor-like myelin and lymphocyte and related proteins for vesicle trafficking and membrane link transmembrane domain-containing protein 2, CMTM2)对精索静脉曲张大鼠生精过程的影响。方法:选取雄性SD大鼠40只(体重220~330 g,6~7周龄),将大鼠随机分为精索静脉曲张持续4、12周后处死取样组,和相应的接受假手术处理的对照组,每组均为10只大鼠。通过手术进行左肾静脉缩窄建立左侧精索静脉曲张的大鼠模型。将实验组和对照组大鼠于4周或12周后处死,取出左侧睾丸,游离附睾中精子,观察并计算精子密度与活力,测量生精小管外径、内径及上皮直径改变,并进行免疫组织化学分析以判断CMTM2蛋白的表达状况。结果:与对照组相比,精索静脉曲张4周组中大鼠的精子密度[(63.9±7.1)×106/mLvs.(74.3±5.0)×106/mL]和活力[(58.7%±7.9%)vs. (66.1%±4.3%)] 轻度下降(t=1.432, 1.563;P=0.076, 0.059),精索静脉曲张12周组中大鼠的精子密度[(40.5±7.2)×106/mLvs.(71.1±4.5)×106/mL]和活力[(35.2%±8.5%)vs. (63.4%±4.1%)]显著下降(t=3.754, 3.933;P=0.004, 0.002)。此外,CMTM2蛋白的表达水平在精索静脉曲张组也出现明显下降,对照组CMTM2水平为精索静脉曲张12周组的(2.3±0.4)倍(t=1.978; P=0.039)。4周时,精索静脉曲张组生精小管外径出现轻度降低[(271.1±8.4)μmvs. (280.0±8.1)μm,t=1.361,P=0.132],而12周组则出现明显降低[(198.2±10.2) μmvs. (255.8±12.7)μm,t=2.125,P=0.003],此外,精索静脉曲张12周组的生精小管上皮直径出现明显下降[(54.1±1.5)μmvs.(75.5±4.1)μm,t=2.246,P=0.021]。结论:在精索静脉曲张大鼠模型中,精索静脉曲张与CMTM2蛋白水平降低相关,同时可导致睾丸生精小管直径变小及精子密度与质量受损。

趋化素样因子;精子发生;精索静脉曲张;

精索静脉曲张是精索内蔓状静脉丛因各种原因引起回流不畅而形成的局部静脉病理性扩张现象,因左侧精索静脉呈直角汇入左肾静脉,故精索静脉曲张多发生于左侧。精索静脉曲张多见于青壮年,在男性人群中发病率为15%~20%,而在不育男性中发病率可高达20%~40%[1-2]。反流的血液会使睾丸内流体静力压增高,导致睾丸局部温度升高;此外,来源于肾和肾上腺的毒性代谢产物也会随着血液反流到达睾丸[3],这些因素都可能促进睾丸生精细胞凋亡,导致睾丸萎缩,造成不育。

人类趋化素样因子超家族2 [chemokine like factor (CKLF)-like myelin and lymphocyte and related proteins for vesicle trafficking and membrane link (MARVEL) transmembrane domain-containing protein 2, CMTM2]是新近发现的CMTM家族成员,CMTM2蛋白存在跨膜和分泌两种形式,其结构和功能介于趋化因子和四次跨膜蛋白之间[4-5]。CMTM2蛋白在睾丸组织,尤其是在精原细胞和生精小管液中呈现高表达,既往的研究也发现CMTM2表达异常会造成生精过程障碍,这些都提示CMTM2可能在生精过程中发挥着重要的作用[6]。为进一步阐明CMTM2在精索静脉曲张中的作用,我们将构建精索静脉曲张大鼠模型,并评估大鼠模型精子质量和CMTM2水平的变化。

1 资料与方法

1.1实验动物与分组

40只雄性SD大鼠(体重220~330 g,6~7周龄)购自北京大学医学部实验动物科学部。将大鼠随机分为精索静脉曲张组和假手术对照组,每组20只。精索静脉曲张组中根据精索静脉曲张时间(4周、12周)分为2组,每组10只大鼠。假手术对照组也随机分为两组,每组10只大鼠,作为精索静脉曲张4周、12周组的对照。本研究经北京大学人民医院医学伦理委员会(批号:2013-009)批准。

1.2手术方法

精索静脉曲张动物模型的建立采用左肾静脉缩窄法,具体操作如下:予甲苯噻嗪(15 mg/kg)和氯胺酮(75 mg/kg)全身麻醉,取正中切口进入左上腹,游离左肾静脉,将直径0.85 mm的金属线与左肾静脉平行放置,予4-0丝线结扎,去除金属线后,血管外径自动扩张至1 mm左右, 4-0丝线缝合手术切口,术毕将头孢噻肟钠(50 mg/kg)注入大鼠腹腔以预防感染,术后7 d拆除切口缝线[7]。假手术组则只行左肾静脉分离,不缩窄左肾静脉。术后将所有大鼠分装在不同的笼中,并在同一条件下饲养。术后使用带目镜测微器的手术显微镜测量精索内静脉的直径来诊断精索静脉曲张,并分别于4周或12周后处死大鼠行手术取出左侧睾丸[7-8]。

1.3精子密度与活动度分析

将大鼠处死后,打开腹腔取出附睾并剪开附睾尾,置于提前预温的37 ℃生理盐水中(3 mL),静置5 min待精子充分游出,并充分混悬。取20 μL上述精子悬液,缓慢滴加于37 ℃预热的血细胞计数板内静置30 s,按红细胞计数法高倍镜下计数精子总数,获得每侧附睾精子悬液每毫升精子数目。另取1 mL上述精子悬液滴入血细胞计数板内,在高倍镜下计数200个精子中的活动精子数,计数3次取平均值,获得活动精子百分率[9]。

1.4睾丸切片的制备

将大鼠处死后取出睾丸组织,生理盐水充分洗涤后,于0.1 mmol/L 伯恩氏(Bouin’s)溶液中固定至少24 h,再分别置于50%、70%、80%、90%、95%和100%(体积分数)乙醇中分别脱水(每步至少1 h),采用二甲苯将睾丸组织透明化后以石蜡包埋,切片厚8 μm,以苏木素-伊红(HE)染色,将制备好的切片在光学显微镜(奥林巴斯公司,日本)下观察结果并进行编号。

1.5生精小管的直径测量

生精小管轮廓的外切直径即为其两条平行切线间的距离。大鼠生精小管平均直径的计算:从大鼠的睾丸切片中随机抽取若干均匀分布的大小相同的测量视野,在每个测量视野上叠加矩形测量框,根据禁线法则(其原理为只计数完全在测量框内或只与测量框的右边或上边相交的轮廓,而不计数与测量框的左边、下边或左右边延长线相交的轮廓)选择位于测量框之内的生精小管轮廓。选取多个视野分别记录生精小管的直径并取平均值,即可得到睾丸组织中生精小管的平均直径[10],生精小管上皮细胞厚度测量参照该法进行[11]。

1.6免疫组织化学方法

采用免疫组织化学的方法评估各组大鼠生精小管中CMTM2水平,取4%(体积分数)多聚甲醛固定的大鼠睾丸组织,进行石蜡包埋,切片厚4 μm,行常规免疫组织化学步骤,脱蜡至水,采用枸橼酸钠水浴法进行抗原修复,5%(体积分数)山羊血清封闭30 min,滴加1 ∶1 500稀释的兔抗CMTM2抗体(北京博奥森生物技术有限公司),4 ℃过夜,滴加辣根过氧化物酶标记的羊抗兔IgG抗体置室温1 h,二氨基联苯氨显色,苏木精复染,镜下观察结果。每个样本取100个生精小管进行观察,记录CMTM2阳性细胞数目(光学显微镜下细胞呈深棕色视为CMTM2阳性细胞)。

1.7统计学分析

2 结果

2.1精子密度和活动度

与对照组相比,精索静脉曲张4周组的精子密度和活力轻度下降(t=1.432, 1.563;P=0.076, 0.059),12周组的精子密度和活力均明显下降(t=3.754, 3.933;P=0.004, 0.002),详见表1。

表1  精子密度与活力

*P<0.05, compared with the sham group.

2.2生精小管直径的改变

对每只大鼠选取至少10张病理切片,每个切片选取1~2个视野进行观察,每个视野选取1~3个生精小管进行计数,最终从40只大鼠的睾丸切片中共抽取了608个视野,并选取了1 833个生精小管进行直径测量。与对照组相比,精索静脉曲张4周组生精小管外径出现轻度降低(t=1.361,P=0.132),而12周组则出现明显降低(t=2.125,P=0.003)。精索静脉曲张4周组和12周组的生精小管内径与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(t=1.127,P=0.153)。此外,精索静脉曲张12周组的生精小管上皮直径与对照组相比也出现明显下降(t=2.246,P=0.021),详见表2。

表2 生精小管直径改变

*P<0.05, compared with the sham group.

2.3睾丸组织中CMTM2的表达

与对照组相比,4周时精索静脉曲张组中睾丸CMTM2表达水平轻度降低;12周时,精索静脉曲张组中睾丸CMTM2表达水平明显降低,而对照组睾丸CMTM2水平是精索静脉曲张组的(2.3±0.4)倍(t=1.978,P=0.039),详见图1。在光镜下选取50个生精小管计数其中的CMTM2阳性细胞,统计平均每个生精小管中CMTM2阳性细胞数目,结果发现对照组中该数值最高,4周和12周组分别为(42.56±9.23)个和(40.34±12.75)个,而精索静脉曲张4周组降低,为(22.40±10.06)个,12周组则降至(8.44±4.19)个,见图2,且各组间数值差异具有统计学意义(t=3.269;P=0.004)。

*P<0.05, compared with the 12 weeks sham group.
图1CMTM2在各组中的相对表达情况
Figure 1Relative expression of CMTM2 in different groups

A, sham 4 weeks; B, varicocele 4 weeks; C, sham 12 weeks; D, varicocele 12 weeks.
图2精索静脉曲张组和对照组免疫组织化学染色(×400)
Figure 2Immunochemistry of CMTM2-positive cells in seminiferous tubules in different groups (×400)

3 讨论

本研究利用精索静脉曲张大鼠模型,初步阐明了精索静脉曲张对大鼠睾丸CMTM2水平和精子质量的影响。此前的人体研究表明精索静脉曲张对睾丸组织具有损害作用,且随时间发展而逐渐加剧,但精索静脉曲张导致睾丸损害以及不育的具体机制尚不明确,通常认为,精索静脉曲张症状损害生育功能与以下几种因素有关:生殖激素异常、睾丸内温度增高、毒素反流及睾丸动脉血流异常等[3]。

本研究发现,精索静脉曲张可使精子数量和质量受损,且使生精小管直径下降,而随着精索静脉曲张的发展,CMTM2表达水平也呈现类似的下降趋势。此前也有研究发现CMTM2表达异常会造成生精过程障碍,且随着生精障碍的加剧,CMTM2阳性细胞数目和mRNA表达水平显著下降,在睾丸唯支持细胞综合征(sertoli cell only syndrome, SCOS)患者睾丸组织中甚至无表达[11-12]。上述证据都提示CMTM2可能在生精过程中发挥着一定的作用,但具体机制尚不明确。

在减数分裂后期,精子会出现形态改变,并经过高尔基体、基体-轴丝复合体、线粒体、内质网等细胞器的结构修饰[11]。CMTM2位于内质网近高尔基体处,其蛋白序列中含有MARVEL结构域,而含有MARVEL的蛋白(如MAL、Physin和Occludin家族等)可能与膜定位、囊泡载体有关[13],这提示CMTM2可能与类固醇合成时胞内物质的转运过程有潜在的关系,即可能影响睾酮的产生。Leydig细胞的主要生理功能便是产生睾酮,以促进生精小管上皮的生长和维持精子活力[14]。Walker等[15]发现精索静脉曲张可使Leydig细胞数量减少、睾酮水平下降,因此本研究推测,CMTM2在精索静脉曲张中可能通过雄激素途径对生精过程产生影响[16]。除此以外,我们在研究中还发现,生精细胞凋亡可能与精索静脉曲张诱导的精子质量下降有关。正常的生精过程存在生精细胞凋亡,这是维持生精细胞与支持细胞适当比例从而保证正常生育的重要调节机制[17],但凋亡过多,可致生精障碍及不育。既往研究发现,精索静脉曲张症状大鼠左侧睾丸精原细胞及精母细胞凋亡显著增加[18-19]。我们的研究进一步发现,精索静脉曲张大鼠生精细胞半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)表达显著增加,在细胞类型上,caspase-3阳性细胞与末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的细胞凋亡染色(TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling, TUNEL)阳性细胞基本一致,表明大鼠生精细胞凋亡是caspase-3依赖性的,这与此前的研究结果大致相同[20]。在以后的研究中,将探索CMTM2在生精细胞凋亡过程中所起的作用。

总之,CMTM2可能在精索静脉曲张导致不育上发挥着一定的作用,而CMTM2在生精过程中的具体作用,则有待于进一步的研究阐明。

[1]Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, et al. Epidemiology of varicocele.[J]. Asian J Androl, 2016, 18(2): 179-181.

[2]Sigman M. There is more than meets the eye with varicoceles: current and emerging concepts in pathophysiology, management, and study design[J]. Fertil Steril, 2011, 96(6): 1281-1282.

[3]Pastuszak AW, Wang R. Varicocele and testicular function[J]. Asian J Androl, 2015, 17(4): 659-667.

[4]Shi S, Rui M, Han W, et al. CKLFSF2 is highly expressed in testis and can be secreted into the seminiferous tubules[J]. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2005, 37(8): 1633-1640.

[5]刘振华, 徐涛, 萧云备,等. 组织芯片技术检测CMTM2在人睾丸肿瘤组织中的表达[J]. 中华男科学杂志, 2011, 25(3): 3-6.

[6]Li T, Han W, Yang T, et al. Molecular cloning and identification of mouse Cklfsf2a and Cklfsf2b, two homologues of human CKLFSF2[J]. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2006, 38(3): 420-429.

[7]Najari BB, Li PS, Ramasamy R, et al. Microsurgical rat varicocele model[J]. J Urol, 2014, 191(2): 548-553.

[8]Yu JJ, Xu YM, Tao Y. The comparison of two experimental rat varicocele models and their effect on sperm quality[J]. Urol Int, 2011, 86(3): 325-329.

[9]Yamamoto T, Mori S, Yoneyama M, et al. Evaluation of rat sperm by flow cytometry: simultaneous analysis of sperm count and sperm viability[J]. J Toxicol Sci, 1998, 23(5): 373-378.

[10]刘哲, 常青, 许增禄. 大鼠生精小管几何参量的体视学测量[M]. 重庆: 中国科学技术协会出版社, 2009: 487-494.

[11]刘振华, 张晓威, 徐涛,等. CMTM2在男性生殖系统中的作用[J]. 医学分子生物学杂志, 2010, 7(2): 173-175.

[12]Liu G, Xin ZC, Chen L, et al. Expression and localization of CKLFSF2 in human spermatogenesis[J]. Asian J Androl, 2007, 9(2): 189-198.

[13]Douglas LM, Wang HX, Konopka JB. The MARVEL domain protein Nce102 regulates actin organization and invasive growth ofCandidaalbicans[J]. MBio, 2013, 4(6): e713-e723.

[14]Moretti E, Cosci I, Spreafico A, et al. Semen characteristics and inflammatory mediators in infertile men with different clinical diagnoses[J]. Int J Androl, 2009, 32(6): 637-646.

[15]Walker WH, Cheng J. FSH and testosterone signaling in Sertoli cells[J]. Reproduction, 2005, 130(1): 15-28.

[16]刘振华,萧云备,张晓威,等.CMTM2转基因小鼠的构建及其血清睾酮水平的变化[J]. 中华男科学杂志, 2012, 18(6): 483-486.

[17]Luo DY, Yang G, Liu JJ, et al. Effects of varicocele on testosterone, apoptosis and expression of StAR mRNA in rat Leydig cells[J]. Asian J Androl, 2011, 13(2): 287-291.

[18]Zhang K, Wang Z, Wang H, et al. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis and mechanism of epididymal dysfunction in rats with left-side varicocele[J]. Andrologia, 2016, 48(3): 318-324.

[19]Wang H, Sun Y, Wang L, et al. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis in the bilateral testes of rats with left-sided varicocele: a new way to think about the varicocele[J]. J Androl, 2010, 31(3): 299-305.

[20]Zhang X, Chen F, Huang Z. Apoptosis induced by acrylamide is suppressed in a 21.5% fat diet through caspase-3-independent pathway in mice testis[J]. Toxicol Mech Methods, 2009, 19(3): 219-224.

(2016-03-22收稿)

(本文编辑:刘淑萍)

Expression of chemokine like factor-like myelin and lymphocyte and related proteins for vesicle trafficking and membrane link transmembrane domain-containing protein 2 in rats with varicocele

ZHANG Xiao-wei1*, DUN Yao-jun1*, TANG Xu1, YIN Hua-qi1, HU Zhi-ping2, ZHAO Yong-ping3, XU Tao1, LI Qing1△

(1. Department of Urology, 2. Department of Hepatobiliary, 3. Reproductive Medicine Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China)

Objective:To investigate whether chemokine like factor (CKLF)-like myelin and lymphocyte and related proteins for vesicle trafficking and membrane link (MARVEL) transmembrane domain-containing protein 2 (CMTM2) is involved in spermatogenesis in varicocele induced sub-fertility rats and to discuss the possible mechanisms. Methods: Forty male SD rats (body weight: 220-330 g, age: 6-7 weeks) were randomly divided into 4 groups: varicocele for 4 weeks, varicocele for 12 weeks, sham operation for 4 weeks and sham operation for 12 weeks, with 10 rats in each group. These rats were introduced by partially ligating left kidney veins for the experimental groups, and the sham surgery groups as controls were executed with exactly the same surgery as in the experimental groups except for the ligation. The rats in control and experimental groups for 4 and 12 weeks were killed after laparotomy at the end of 4 and 12 weeks, respectively, the left testes and epididymis were taken out for counting the sperm, observing the seminiferous tubule change and immunochemistry for CMTM2. The changes included sperm density and motility, the outer diameter and inner diameter change and the changes of epithelium and the CMTM2 expression in immunochemistry. Results: Compared with the control groups, the sperm density[(63.9±7.1)×106/mLvs.(74.3±5.0)×106/mL] and motility[(58.7%±7.9%)vs.(66.1%±4.3%)] were reduced slightly in group of varicoele for 4 weeks, respectively (t=1.432, 1.563;P=0.076, 0.059, respectively). Varicocele significantly caused a decrease in sperm concentration [(40.5±7.2)×106/mLvs.(71.1±4.5)×106/mL] and motility [(35.2%±8.5%)vs. (63.4%±4.1%)] at 12 weeks, compared with the related sham groups (t=3.754, 3.933;P=0.004, 0.002, respectively). Additionally, testis CMTM2 exhibited the same disparity, that is, the CMTM2 protein expression in varicocele group was significantly reduced, with the ratio of sham group to varicocele group at the end of 12 weeks 2.3±0.4 (t=1.978;P=0.039). In the evaluation of seminiferous tubules diameter, the external [(198.2±10.2) μmvs. (255.8±12.7) μm,t=2.125,P=0.003] and epithelium diameter [(54.1±1.5) μmvs. (75.5±4.1) μm,t=2.246,P=0.021] were decreased compared with the sham-related groups and previous varicocele groups. In all the varicocele groups, all types of sperm motility decreased compared with the related sham-operated group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests varicocele has a detrimental effect on CMTM2 levels and decreases spermatogonia cell number, seminiferous tubules diameter, and sperm indices. CMTM2 is associated with sperm changes in rats with varicocele, and further studies are needed to study the mechanism.

Chemokine like factor; Spermatogenesis; Varicocele

高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金(20120001120056)资助 Supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher

* These authors contributed equally to this work

R697.24

A

1671-167X(2016)04-0579-05

10.3969/j.issn.1671-167X.2016.04.002

Education (20120001120056)

△Corresponding author’s e-mail, liqing_1969@sina.com

网络出版时间:2016-6-2210:10:00网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.4691.R.20160622.1010.006.html

猜你喜欢

生精小管精索
348例无精子症睾丸穿刺活检的病理学分析
miR-27a和miR-605基因的多态性与严重生精障碍的相关性研究
Er:YAG激光联合生物活性玻璃对封闭牙本质小管效果的研究
精索静脉曲张会引起不育吗?
和你在安详的社区走一走
3D打印肾脏近在咫尺
显微镜取精助怀孕
精索静脉曲张不会影响性生活
高脂饮食诱导大鼠生精功能障碍
特种设备用小管超声波检验工艺