膝关节及髌骨内色素沉着性绒毛结节性滑膜炎一例报告
2016-08-05高明暄李旭升邵宏斌陈彦飞常彦峰李生贵郝晓东
高明暄 李旭升 邵宏斌 陈彦飞 常彦峰 李生贵 郝晓东
. 病例报告 Case report .
膝关节及髌骨内色素沉着性绒毛结节性滑膜炎一例报告
高明暄 李旭升 邵宏斌 陈彦飞 常彦峰 李生贵 郝晓东
滑膜炎,色素绒毛结节性;巨细胞瘤;髌骨;膝关节
色素沉着性绒毛结节性滑膜炎 (pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS) 是发生于关节或腱鞘滑膜组织的少见良性肿瘤性疾病,其进展后期,病变可自关节内侵犯、破坏邻近软骨及骨组织,但是不破坏关节面,在骨内直接形成局限病灶的情况未见有报道[1-3]。我科 2014 年 11 月收治1 例同时发生于膝关节和髌骨内的 PVNS 罕见病例。现将该病例的病史、影像学、手术、病理诊断等临床资料,以及简要文献综述报告如下。
临床资料
患者,女,37 岁,“左膝酸痛不适 3 年余,加重伴膝后发现包块半年”入院。3 年前无明显诱因出现左膝劳累后酸痛不适,经休息后即减轻,未予以重视和特殊处理。近半年来,上述症状渐加重,影响左膝活动,且无意中发现左窝一鸡蛋大小包块,故就诊于当地医院,经行 B 超检查,诊断为“左窝包块待查”后,建议转来我院诊治。患者自诉:左膝未见弥漫性肿胀、发热、关节绞锁以及突然剧烈疼痛等情况。既往体健。查体:左膝轻度弥漫性肿胀,肤色如常,左窝较对侧稍显饱满;皮温正常,髌前及窝压痛阳性,髌骨研磨试验阳性,浮髌试验阴性;窝正中可及一近圆形包块,质硬,无活动性,与周围组织界限清,直径约 3 cm;左膝活动度 10°~115°,轻度受限;左膝稳定性试验均阴性。
化验:ESR:8 mm / h,CRP:3.1 mg / L,未见明显异常。X 线 (图 1):关节对位关系正常,股骨及胫骨关节面边缘可见退化、增生表现,膝关节后侧窝处,软组织内不规则密度增高影 (图 1b),髌骨正、侧及轴位均示髌骨内侧骨内囊性破坏,累及髌骨近 1 / 2,病灶内有骨嵴分隔,边缘骨质硬化,边界清,髌骨关节面软骨下骨及前侧皮质尚未穿孔破损 (图 1)。MRI (图 2):左侧髌骨内可见囊状异常信号,T1(图 2a) 加权呈等低信号,PDWI (图 2b) 呈稍高信号,边界清楚,可见长 T1短 T2(图 2c)信号硬化边影。左侧膝关节后侧滑膜增厚,并见条形及结节样长 T1短 T2信号影,关节后侧窝区可见不规则结节样及囊状长 T1长 T2信号影,囊内可见短 T2信号分隔影,增强扫描病灶边缘可见环形及片絮状强化影,边缘模糊,MRI 影像诊断为 PVNS。 经行关节穿刺,抽出仅 1 ml 黏稠棕黄色液体,常规及生化化验,红细胞,白细胞计数、蛋白定量均未见明显异常。
图 1 正、侧、轴位 X 线示左侧髌骨一边累清晰的溶骨性病灶,髌骨内侧半基本被病灶所破坏。另外,还有退行性骨赘形成和轻微关节肿胀表现Fig.1 Frontal (a), lateral (b) and the axial (c) views of the patella showed a well-defned lytic lesion in the left patella, which had eroded almost all the medial half of the patella. Small degenerative osteophyte formation and slight knee joint effusion were also presented
图 2 矢状 T1加权、矢状质子压脂以及 T2加权位核磁共振成像示左膝关节广泛滑膜增生伴结节样病灶。髌骨内及窝内信号类似病灶,界限清晰,呈 T1低信号,T2中等强度信号和质子压脂高信号。病灶内间有T1、T2均呈低信号区域图 3 短“S”形膝后侧入路,显露、分离和切除膝后侧病灶,病灶呈黄棕色,与周围组织界限清,与关节囊后侧粘连紧,蒂部与膝内滑膜组织连续Fig.2 Sagittal T1-weighted (a) and sagittal T2-weighted with fat saturation / STIR (b) and axial T2-weighted (c) magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the left knee reveal extensive nodular synovial proliferation with lobulated margins, a well-defned lesion confned to the patella and a lobulated mass-like lesion in the poplitea. The signal intensity of the lesions was low on T1-weighted image, intermediate on T2-weighted and high STIR. There were small signal areas with low signal intensity featuring both on T1and T2Fig.3 A short S-shaped incision was made over the posterior knee joint. The posterior lesion in the poplitea was exposed, dissected and marginally resected
图 4 关节镜下广泛增生的滑膜组织,呈现出绒毛样、色素沉着、结节样增生滑膜。镜下未见髌骨内病灶与关节内滑膜相连的直接证据,髌骨关节面虽然有软骨软化,但未见明显的蚕噬性破损Fig.4 Arthroscopic images (a, b) of the left knee indicating prolifc synovium with coarse villi, heavily pigmented diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis. No communicating links were found under arthroscopic observation. Although the chondromalacia changes were visible on the articular surface of the patella, it seemed exactly intact without any eroded holes
初步诊断为 PVNS,制订手术治疗方案,主要为 3 个部分:(1) 左窝肿物切除;(2) 左膝关节镜探查及病变切除、清理;(3) 左髌骨内病变切除、植骨术。全身麻醉,左大腿根部气囊止血带 450 mm Hg。先俯卧位,常规消毒铺单,取左膝关节后侧入路,逐层显露,分离保护神经血管束,向外侧牵开,即可见一连接于左膝后侧关节囊的长条状黄褐色的肿物,具有包膜,易分离,其蒂部与关节囊后侧紧密相连 (图 3)。将肿物予以分离,完整切除,见肿物内肿瘤组织与关节腔内滑膜组织相连续。术中冰冻病检符合 PVNS。经后部对膝后增生病变滑膜组织进行病灶切除。冲洗清点器械后,修补缝合后侧关节囊,置引流管,逐层缝合后侧切口。然后,患者改仰卧位,取膝前髌韧带内、外侧,并辅以膝关节后内侧和后外侧膝关节镜标准通道入路,置入关节镜系统。逐一探查髌上囊、内侧、外侧间隙、关节前后腔。股骨及胫骨关节面,前、后交叉韧带及半月板等结构和组织未见明显异常等 (图 4)。股髌关节间隙,髌骨关节面仅存在轻度软骨软化,未见病变滑膜组织累及,也未见穿孔破损 (图 4c,d)。但是,关节后腔内,肌腱周围滑膜组织增生肥厚,铁锈色,部分呈绒毛样间有结节增生 (图 4a,b),用髓核钳咬取典型病变组织留送病检后,用刨刀将增生绒毛及结节彻底刨削至滑膜外脂肪组织,再用等离子电刀止血同时对病变部位进行灼烧,关节腔清理后,完成关节内镜下滑膜病变切除。开始行手术最后一部分,在髌骨前内侧取纵向短切口,长约 4 cm,全层切至髌骨骨膜,在前侧皮质开骨窗,大小1.5 cm×1.5 cm,翻开骨皮质,见髌骨内病变组织呈黄褐色,有包膜 (图 5a)。完整刮出病变组织,见髌骨腔内,周围骨壁硬化,骨嵴形成,髌骨关节面侧完好,空腔内注水后未见渗露,提示髌骨病变与关节腔并不相通 (图 5b)。高速磨钻磨除硬化骨壁至正常骨质,然后用 50% 氯化锌烧灼瘤壁,冲洗后,取与髌骨缺损同样大小的自体髂骨行髌骨缺损重建 (图 5c),并放回翻开骨皮质,清点后缝合切口。切除左膝关节后肿物、关节腔内滑膜病变组织及髌骨内病变分别标记,留送常规病检。
病理报告三处不同部位病变均符合 PVNS 的病理特征(图 6:镜下,弥漫的滑膜细胞增殖,同时伴有多核巨细胞、黄瘤细胞及少量的含铁血黄素沉积)。术前 30 min 至术后 24 h 内,应用头孢唑啉钠预防手术切口感染。术后24 h 内左膝关节冰敷,塞来昔布 50 mg 镇痛。24 h 拔除引流管后开始膝关节功能恢复,1 周后非负重下达到术前水平,屈曲 115°,即下地负重。术后 12 天拆线,切口 I 期甲级愈合。医嘱 3 个月内不得下蹲,避免髌骨病变骨质破坏处发生骨折。术后 2 周开始辅助放疗,直线加速器关节外照射,总剂量为 20 Gy,每 2 天 1 次 2 Gy,共 10 次,20 天完成。术后 1 年无特殊异常,左膝无疼痛症状,膝关节活动度 -5°~135°,即完全恢复屈伸活动度。
图 5 髌前皮质开一 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm 骨窗,肿瘤呈黄棕色,刮除后见瘤壁硬化,髌骨关节面侧骨质完整,取自体髂骨植骨图 6 病检:色素沉着性绒毛结节性滑膜炎 (H & E 染色:a, 100×;b,200×)。弥漫的滑膜细胞增殖,同时伴有多核巨细胞、黄瘤细胞及少量的含铁血黄素沉积Fig.5 A cortical window of 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm was made over the anteromedial aspect of the patella (a). The tumor was brownish (a) and was scooped out. On the inner side of the cavity there was a sclerotic margin (b). Bone defect in the patella was flled with iliac crest bone graft (c)Fig.6 All tissue samples taken from the resected mass in poplitea, (H & E staining: a, 100 ×; b, 200 ×), arthroscopically from the intra-articular knee joint or from the lesion in the patella were defnitively consistent with the PVNS diagnosis, which was characterized by proliferative cells of the synovial membrane, multinucleated giant cells, lipidladen macrophages and deposits of hemosiderin within a fbrous stroma
讨 论
PVNS,其中部分病例也称作腱鞘巨细胞瘤,是少见滑膜组织增生性疾病,可发生于关节、腱鞘、滑囊等任何滑膜组织,其发病率在百万分之二[1-3]。有学者在描述关节滑膜的绒毛样、结节性的增生病变时,于 1941 年首次提出[4],当时并不能确定这样的病变是炎性、还是肿瘤性增生,而且此争议自此之后一直存在,至今此病的真正细胞来源并不完全明确[5-6]。
患者多以受累关节的肿胀或疼痛就诊,部分患者因增生滑膜的突然大量出血,积累于相应关节,引起剧烈疼痛[1-3]。PVNS 最典型的 MRI 特征是:在 T1、T2以及质子像上均表现为低信号的结节性肿块,这是由于含铁血黄素沉积造成的。由于高度的纤维化,其 MRI 表现可类似于软组织,在 T1WI 上呈中等信号,在 T2加权像上呈高信号[1,7]。术前须与一般的软组织肿瘤进行鉴别,比如穿刺活检以明确诊断。肉眼所见病变是由绒毛和滑膜皱襞构成的团块,呈棕褐色。镜下所见 PVNS 的特点是滑膜表面和滑膜下都有滑膜细胞增生,可形成绒毛和结节,高倍镜下可见弥漫的细胞 (基质) 增殖,同时伴有成纤维组织、多核巨细胞、黄瘤细胞、淋巴细胞及不等量的含铁血黄素沉积[1-2]。本例患者术后病理,髌骨内、关节内滑膜病变,关节后包块具备以上特点。
根据病变范围、形态及进展,PVNS 通常粗略分为弥漫型和局限型两类[7-8]。弥漫型好发于四肢各大关节,如髋、膝、踝等,其中约 80% 病例见于膝关节。局部型常见于手足小关节及周围的腱鞘。弥漫型病变比局限型多增生活跃,侵袭性更强。假如此例患者膝关节内后侧病变特点,符合弥漫型 PVNS 特点。本例不但在窝内存在 PVNS 包块,其髌骨内部还存在一个类似局限型的“孤立”病灶。术中并未发现髌骨内病变与关节内病变相连续的直接证据。并且,不符合弥漫型 PVNS 的独有特征。
文献报道发生于骨组织内的局限型的 PNVS 病例非常有限,仅有发生于椎体、椎弓根、股骨髁等个别病例[9]。也有腕部、手内及足内周围软组织内的局限型病灶的少见病例[10]。另外,发生于膝关节内连接于前、后交叉韧带,髌韧带及髌下脂肪垫的局限性 PVNS 也有报道[11-13]。在这些病例中,其共同的特点是,病变都邻近关节,不难发现病变与关节滑膜间的联系。本例患者,术中见髌骨关节面完好,肉眼难以找出髌骨内病变与关节内滑膜病变直接相连的证据。这一现象,很难解释为病变自关节内进展,直接蔓延,逐渐破坏骨及软骨,形成髌骨内病变,这样一个简单的过程。本例患者髌骨内、关节内滑膜病变,关节后包块及病理均符合 PVNS 诊断。虽然很难直接找出病变之间的组织延续,也不能明确病变发生发展的实际过程,但是,仍然相信这些不同部位病变的组织来源相同,也就是说,髌骨内的病变以某种方式来源于膝关节的滑膜组织,这种发展过程有待更多类似病例的积累进行阐释。此外,本例从症状出现到手术,时间长达 3 年,这是解释髌骨内病灶形成与关节内滑膜病变有关的惟一线索。
治疗膝关节 PVNS 的具体手术方法选择,曾一度存在不同的主张[14-15]。但是,随着关节镜技术的发展,目前已基本形成以下共识[15-18],采用关节镜下切除关节内病变,术后关节功能要优于开放手术,但同时两者术后病变复发率相当;关节外及窝病变,需行开放手术辅助切除。本例对在关节镜不能到达的关节后病变组织,先行开放手术切除。对髌骨内病变,为降低术后复发的风险,彻底刮除病变组织后,还特地对瘤壁进行了高速磨钻磨除,氯化锌烧灼等处理。术后随访 1 年,未见复发。文献报道术后5 年内仍存在较高复发风险[1,10],故需继续密切随访。
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(本文编辑:李贵存)
Multifocal pigmented villonodular synovitis arising separately in the articular knee joint and the patella: 1 case report
GAO Ming-xuan, LI Xu-sheng, SHAO Hong-bin, CHEN Yan-fei, CHANG Yan-feng, LI Sheng-gui, HAO Xiaodong. General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, PRC
HAO Xiao-dong, Email: xushengli1968@163.com
Objective To describe a rare case of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) with a nodular lesion in the left patella, diffuse affected synovial tissue in the left knee and an extra-articular mass in the left poplitea. Methods A 37-year-old female with complaints of intermittent left knee pain (3 years) and a painful mass palpated in her left poplitea was analyzed. Results On plain radiograph, an osteolytic lesion was evident in the left patella, ESR: 8 mm / h, CRP: 3.1 mg / L, no obvious abnormal signals. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of left knee showed lesions with same signal intensity coexist both in the inner left patella, left intra-articular knee joint and left extraarticular poplitea. Diagnosis of PVNS was made. Combined with arthroscopic synovectomy, open resection of lesions and iliac crest bone graft for patellar bone defect were performed. The postoperative pathological diagnoses of the resected mass from the poplitea, the affected synovial tissue and the lesion in the patella were consistent with PVNS. The postoperative clinical course was uneventful. No signs of recurrence were found at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions This is the frst report of PVNS occurring both in the inner left patella, left intra-articular knee joint and left extraarticular poplitea.
Synovitis, pigmented villonodular; Giant cell tumors; Patella; Knee joint
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.07.017中图分类号:R684
730050 兰州军区兰州总医院骨科
郝晓东,Email: xushengli1968@163.com
2016-03-21)