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物质和时空

2016-07-14蒋文玉

科学中国人 2016年30期
关键词:夸克奇点质子

蒋文玉

成都市双流区第一人民医院

物质和时空

蒋文玉

成都市双流区第一人民医院

宇宙有限,但无边界,认为宇宙是自足的,什么也不缺,在无限虚时间里,宇宙处于某种量子态,时空结合成闭合的曲面,就像地球的表面一样,只是多两维,由于某种量子态能量的微小起伏,从北极点开始膨胀,沿纬度周长随时间推进,到达赤道后,开始收缩,终止于南极点、北南两极点,类似奇点,但不奇,有大小(不小于普朗克常数)球面上任何点等效,没有中心,向任何方向直走可回到原点,没有尽头,这样的宇宙似手预先设计了一个模具,把宇宙所有的物质和能量套在一个四维的球面上,有点像按3D打印程序完成的,而且是从外面来观察宇宙,似乎把有限的宇宙放在一个无限的虚拟的时空中。

时间;宇宙;空间

一.宇宙从零开始

对宇宙的认识存在三种最基本的观点:1.我们现在能感受到宇宙的一切,已经存在于无限久远的时间过去,并将以此继续存在于无限久远的时间未来,宇宙是静止的,无限的,永恒的。2.宇宙的时空是有限的、动态的、发展的、开端于有限的时间过去,大爆炸奇点是宇宙的开始,逐渐膨胀,到达一定限度后,将开始收缩,最后终结于大挤压奇点,两个奇点构成宇宙的时空边界。

二.时间和空间

宇宙是物质构成的,应该是一个基本的共识,物质是运动的,有两种基本形式:运动的间断性和运动的扩展性。运动的间断,产生运动的先后,先后就是时间的含义,先后是时间的顺序,先后之间是时间值,是时间量度的基础,如果运动是连续不断的,就没有量度时间长短的参考标准。由于运动的间断性,时间运行不是均匀连续流淌,而是断续的,脉动的,时间是量子化的,应该有最小的单位。运动的扩展性,是指物质运动向各个方向扩展延伸形成有限的三维(如果空间最多只有三维)空间,是物质存在的直观表现。宇宙空间的膨胀是物质运动的不断扩展,物质运动产生时间和空间、物质、时间和空间是不可分割的三位一体,时间和空间是等价(或等效)的,时间和空间都是量子化的微观上绝对均匀,平滑的宇宙是不存在的。

三.粒子和力

物质的可分割性,引起对物质基本单位的设想,原子作为最基本单位的观念,早已过时,因为原子内部有更为复杂的组成结构。现在认定的基本粒子、包括电子、质子、中子、光子、正电子、微中子、在实验室可短暂存在的基本粒子,有夸克(上、下、奇、魅、底、顶六味,每味三色——红、绿、兰每味都有其相等的反粒子)重失量波色子(W+、W-、Z0)交子(红、绿、兰三色),这些都是现阶段所能检测认定的,并非就是粒子的基态。按粒子的性质分两类:自旋为1/2的物质粒子和自旋为0.1.2带力的粒子。物质粒子带负电荷,或正电荷,或二者兼有。光子是带力的粒子,不显电性,是电磁波,而电磁振荡是电荷存在和移动的表现,光子内应该有某种形式的电荷存在。质子内由两个2/3正电荷的上夸克和一个1/3负电荷的下夸克组成,中子由一个上夸克和两个下夸克组成。每味夸克都是三胞胎,有红、绿、兰三基色。质子或中子的夸克组合,必须是色动力原理的三基色(红、绿兰)的无色组合形式。因此质子或中子分别都有三种不同的夸克排列组合形式,即三种不同的质子或中子。也许这反应在元素的不同物理或化学性质上,如同素异形,同分异构,同位素等的差异。电子的负电荷和质子正电荷的电量值或绝对值是相等的,质子中两个2/3正电荷之和为4/3正电荷与1/3负电荷中和后,质子的正电荷为3/3.质子的电荷绝对值与电子相等因此电子的电荷值为3/3负电荷,也就是说,电子应该是由三个1/3负电荷组成的。

四.黑洞与星际旅行

黑洞被认为是巨大质量,极度压缩的纯引力天体,是宇宙中特殊的时空形式,任何物质包括光都不能从黑洞逃逸。黑洞的形成认为是巨大的质量的恒星能量耗尽后自身坍缩的结果,但坍缩并不都成为黑洞,与恒星质量大小有关,小于强德拉塞卡极限(1.5倍太阳质量)终结成白矮星,等于强德拉塞卡极限,终结成中子星,大于极限质量,坍缩成黑洞。认为黑洞的形成是由巨大质量恒星的残核坍缩成一个“奇点”(类似大爆炸奇点),原有恒星的内任何物质形式和信息完全消失。没有物体形式,经典力学不成立,没有原子、分子形式,化学反应不成立,没有粒子、量子形式,量子力学不成立,没有时空形式,相对论不成立,所以黑洞内一切定律失效,黑洞内无理可讲(这应该是奇点的定义,包括大爆炸奇点),唯一可知的是它巨大的引力效应。

五.相对论和量子力学

相对论有两个基本观点:1、相对性原理,即自然定律,相对于观察者而言,其原理是不变的,相同的,与观察者的自由运动或惯性参考系的选择无关。2、光在真空中的传播速度恒定为C,与光原和观察者的相对运动无关。这是狭义相对论,广义相对论作了两点补充:1、自然定律的原理不变,与任意参考(惯性和非惯性)系的选择无关。2、万有引力是空间属性,空间像有弹性的网,由于质量和能量密度分布不均,使空间弯曲变形,所有物体包括光只能沿弯曲的空间运行。总之相对论认为自然定律的原理是相同的,不变的,在宇宙任何时空区域,无论地球,太阳系、银河系河外系,分子、原子内过去现在或将来定律的原理都表现相同的数学形式。如物体的重量,在赤道和两极的测值是不同的,自由落体加速度,在地球,月球或其它质量不同的星球是不同的。但都完全符合引力大小与质量的乘积成正比与距离平方成反比(F=G)的万有引力定律数学公式的计算,符合加速度与作用力成正比,与质量成反比(a=)的牛顿第二力学定律数学公式的运算(不同星球自由落体加速度不同是因为质量不同导致F不同)相对论主要探讨定律,观察者和参考系三者间的相对关系,实际上是定律与参考系之间的关系,因为观察者是通过参考系观测和应用定律的。参考系是定律建立的基础,如光速恒定为C,是相对真空而言不同参考系之间存在一定的数学协变关系,如粗略测量地球的周长及大小,可以通过阳光在地球A点直射光线和B点的相加定理,V+C=C(V>0)显然产不成立的方程。设想一列运行的车箱上装有一个探照灯,关闭时灯和车箱都不存在光,也就是说灯或车箱都没有荷载光。当开灯时发出的光也根本不在灯或车箱上,因为发出的每一个光子都没有在灯或车箱有过任何短暂的停留,无论灯开或关,灯或车箱对光都没有过荷载作用。正如一个旅客,没有在起点站上车,当车在中途停留时,他从前门上,立即从后门下,车开动后,能说这位旅客乘坐过这辆车吗。任何低于光速运动的物体,相对于光来说都是静止的,光不被任何低于光速的力所加速,流水中对光速相加测试是徒劳的,复杂的数学运算更是画蛇添足。

六.奇妙的数字——‘3’

在宇宙事物中,自然法则中,社会实践人的意识中总是存在三的组合形式。宇宙开端的大爆炸‘奇点’包含三个无限,无限曲率、无限密度、无限高温。‘奇点’理论基于三点:宇宙在膨胀,宇宙物质各向同性,宇宙背景辐射均一致。对宇宙认识有三种基本观点:宇宙是无限的永恒的,宇宙时空是有限的,宇宙有限但无边界。设想宇宙演化的三种模型:闭合型、开放型、平直型。物质、时间、空间三位一体。三维空间互呈90O(三的倍数)。三个时间箭头:宇宙学箭头、热力学箭头、心理学箭头。时间分三段——过去、现在、将来。年、月、日分别与太阳、月球、地球三星球对应。物质三态(气、液、固),经典力学三大定律(牛顿力学定律),太阳系行星运动的开普勒三大定律。爱因施坦质能方程E=mc2和电力学基础方程V=LR,都是三部分组成。电力有三种形式:库仑力、洛仑兹力、安培力。电磁力有三种表现:电磁力、弱核力、强核力。

一、The universe beginning from zero

For understanding the universe there were three arguments∶1,The universe would have been existing for infinite time past,and continually presenting as past as the same in future forever,to think that the universe would be infinite,stationary and eternal.2,The universe would be finite,dynamic and developmental starting in limited time past,from big bang singularity,expanding with time as its size getting to some limited scale,then contracting with time,eventually collapsing into the big crunch singularity that two singularities to form the boundary of the universal space-time.3,In terms of the quantum mechanics,in imaginary time that the universe would have limit but no boundary or singularity,to be self-contained with everything in some quantum state,space-time combined in closed curve-face,just like the surface of the earth.

二、Space and Time

The universe would be made by matter that should be common idea in people’s mind.Matter is motional in two basic ways∶moving interruptedly and moving extendedly,interruptive motion would produce moving in early or late that early and late implied time and formed sequence of time,between early and late is a term of time to be the base of time measured.If motion were continually,no way to divide motion in early or late and no referred standard of time measurement.For the property of moving interruptedly,time going would not be like water flowing,it should be off-on pulsed and quantized,it should be to have the least unit.

三、Particles and Forces

For character of matter that could be divided into smaller parts again to lead the idea of elementary unit of matter supposed.Suggested atom as the least unit of matter,it was much out of date,because,atom has its complex parts inside yet.Now,that could be firmed as the elementary particles including electrons,protons,neutrons photons positrons and neutrinos,else,as the essential particles that only in laboratory test existed very short time instantly,such as the quarks have six flavors(called,up,down,strange,charmed,bottom and top),each flavor comes in three different colors∶red,green and blue,and each flavor with its antiparticle,the massive vector bosons have three members[W+,W-,Z0],the gluons with three-color members(red,green,and blue),which all above so called the elementary particles,just now that could be firmed,not really to be the original-state particles of matter.In terms of characters of particles that could be divided into two sorts∶spin 1/2 matter particles and spin 0,1,2 force carrying particles.

四、Black holes and traveling between stars

To think black hole would be with huge mass,extremely contracted and pure gravitational body,it would be special form of space-time in the universe.It is said that the black hole would be from star collapsed as its energy exhausted.But not all stars collapsed to form black holes,it would be relation to the star with how much mass.If the star’s mass to be less than the Chandrasekhar limit(1.5 times of sun’s mass),it collapsed into white dwarf,the equal collapsed neutron star and the much larger one might be to collapse into black hole to be as a singularity(similar with the big bang singularity)of the star’s residual collapsed.In black hole that the star’s all information before vanished completely,all the laws of nature broke down.Because in black hole without the form of object that the classical mechanics could not be established,without the form of atom and molecule that he chemistry could not be established,without the form of particle or quantum that the quantum mechanics could not be established and without the form of space-time that the relativity theory could not be established as well.In brief,in black hole would not be to have any reasoning to say,only it could be felt to be its vast gravitational effect.

五、Relativity and Quantum mechanics

The relativity theory has two basic points of view∶1,Relativity principle,that the principle of natural law should be the same for any observer no matter how much motion velocity to be,any position to be at,or any inertial reference frame to choose.2,In vacuum the light speed C would be a constant never changed certainly,whatever the light source or observer moving each other freely.Which both would be definition of the special relativity,and the general relativity added two points to it.First,the natural law for any observer should be the same,no matter any reference frame(inertial or non)to choose.

六、The wonderful number of three

In the universal events,natural laws,social practice or in daily life people’s mind which would be always presenting joint form of three numbers,such as the three infinites of infinite curvature,infinite density and infinite heat of the big bang singularity.For supposing the big bang based on three proofs of the universe expanding,from every direction to see the same of universal matter distributed and uniformity of the universal background radiation.There were three points of view for the universe,to be stationary and infinite,the universal space-time to be finite,and the universal space-time to be finite but no boundary.To suggest the universe developing three models of opening model,closed model and straight model,three in one of matter,space and time,three dimensions of space,time’s three periods of past,present and future,three time-arrows of thermodynamic arrow,astronautic arrow and psychological arrow,three dates of year.

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