乌司他丁联合丙氨酰谷氨酰胺对体外循环瓣膜置换术患者的肺保护作用
2016-06-20于冬梅刘海峰陈克研
于冬梅,刘海峰,陈克研,周 锦
沈阳军区总医院麻醉科,沈阳 110016
*通信作者
乌司他丁联合丙氨酰谷氨酰胺对体外循环瓣膜置换术患者的肺保护作用
于冬梅,刘海峰,陈克研,周锦*
沈阳军区总医院麻醉科,沈阳 110016
[摘要]目的探讨乌司他丁联合丙氨酰谷氨酰胺对体外循环瓣膜置换术患者肺泡毛细血管膜屏障功能的影响。方法拟在体外循环(Cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下行心脏瓣膜置换术患者40例,年龄40~60岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为乌司他丁组(U组)和乌司他丁联合Ala-GLn组(UA组),每组20例。麻醉诱导后,UA组泵注丙氨酰谷氨酰胺0.4 g/(kg·d),U组泵注等量的复方氨基酸注射液,两组持续输注24 h,并均在转流液内加入乌司他丁2万U/kg。分别在麻醉后(T0)、CPB前(T1)、开放主动脉30 min(T2)、闭合胸骨(T3)及术后5 h(T4)、24 h(T5),经颈内静脉采血3 mL,用于测定血浆TNF-α、IL-6和SP-A的含量;经动脉采血进行血气分析;观察术后机械通气时间。结果与T0时比较,两组患者在T2~T5时的血清TNF-α、IL-6含量均升高(P<0.05);UA组患者血浆TNF-α、IL-6含量低于U组(P<0.05)。与T0时比较,两组患者在T2~T5时SP-A水平显著升高(P<0.05),UA组患者血浆SP-A含量低于U组(P<0.05);与T0时比较,两组患者在T2~T5时A-aDO2、RI值显著升高(P<0.05),UA组患者A-aDO2、RI值低于U组(P<0.05);UA组术后机械通气时间较U组缩短(P<0.05)。结论乌司他丁联合丙氨酰谷氨酰胺能抑制体外循环瓣膜置换术患者的炎症反应,保护肺泡毛细血管膜屏障功能,具有一定的肺保护作用。
[关键词]乌司他丁;丙氨酰谷氨酰胺;瓣膜置换术;SP-A;肺保护
0引言
体外循环(Cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)是开胸心血管手术的一项必备技术,其不但需要血液与人工管道直接接触,而且需要在不同程度的低温条件下,以平流方式进行血液转流,并不是一种生理过程。这些非生理因素会引发一系列炎性反应过程,最终导致TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8等炎性因子的释放,这些炎性因子的激活不但能导致术后肺功能障碍,还严重影响了患者的预后[1-4]。通过合理使用抗炎药物,可调节CPB期间炎性因子和促炎因子的释放,抑制炎症反应,有利于减轻体外循环相关性肺损伤和改善预后。
乌司他丁是一种广谱的蛋白酶抑制剂,包括胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、弹性蛋白酶和各种胰酶,并且能抑制炎性因子和促炎因子的释放[5-7]。有研究表明,乌司他丁能减轻体外循环冠脉搭桥术患者围术期炎症反应,减少术后并发症[8]。丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Alanyl glutamine,Ala-Gln)既具有抗氧化作用,也能抑制CPB相关炎症反应[9],但是乌司他丁联合Ala-Gln应用于CPB下心脏手术的抗炎作用及对肺泡膜屏障功能和弥散功能的影响还未见报道。本研究拟通过观察乌司他丁联合Ala-Gln对CPB下心脏瓣膜置换术患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、肺表面活性蛋白A(Surfactant protein-A,SP-A)、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(Aveolar-arterial gradient of oxygen,A-aDO2)和呼吸指数(Respiratory index,RI)值的影响,来探讨乌司他丁和Ala-Gln联合应用对CPB引起的炎症反应和肺泡毛细血管膜屏障功能的影响。
1资料与方法
1.1临床资料本研究经本院医学伦理委员会批准,并与患者及家属签署知情同意书。随机选取我院行体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术患者40例,ASAⅡ~Ⅲ级,年龄40~60岁,体重50~81 kg,均为初次心脏手术,无风湿活动、呼吸系统疾病和近期非甾体类抗炎镇痛药服用史。随机分为乌司他丁组(U组)和乌司他丁联合Ala-Gln组(UA组),每组20例,两组患者年龄、体重、CPB和手术时间等比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
1.2方法所有患者均于麻醉前30 min肌肉注射吗啡10 mg。入室后开放外周静脉,在局麻下行桡动脉穿刺置管,持续监测心电图(Electrocardiogram,ECG)、心率(Heart rate,HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(Pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)、体温(Temperature,T)和有创动脉压。静脉注射依托咪酯0.2 mg/kg、舒芬太尼1 μg/kg、哌库溴铵 0.1 mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg全麻诱导,气管内插管后连接麻醉机进行机械通气,潮气量8~10 mL/kg、吸呼比(I∶E)1∶2、呼吸频率12次/min、吸入氧浓度60%、机械通气期间维持呼气末二氧化碳分压(End-tidal CO2pressure,PETCO2)在30~40 mmHg之间。行右颈内静脉穿刺置管,连续监测中心静脉压(Central venous pressure,CVP)。吸入七氟烷,静脉持续泵注丙泊酚,间断静脉注射舒芬太尼和哌库溴铵维持麻醉。在麻醉诱导后,UA组持续泵注Ala-Gln 0.4 g/(kg·d);U组以等量复方氨基酸注射液代替,输注时间为24 h,两组均在转流液内加入乌司他丁2×104U/kg。体外循环期间泵流量控制在2.2~2.6 L/(min·m2),平均动脉压(Mean arterial pressure,MAP)维持在50~80 mmHg。
1.3标本采集及检测分别于麻醉后(T0)、开胸后CPB前(T1)、主动脉开放30 min(T2)、关胸(T3)、术后5 h(T4)、术后24 h(T5)静脉采血3 mL,用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)方法测定SP-A、TNF-α、IL-6;动脉采血进行血气分析,观察肺泡气-动脉血氧分压差(Aveolar-arterial gradient of oxygen,A-aDO2)和呼吸指数(Respiratory index,RI)的变化;记录机械通气时间。
2结果
2.1一般资料两组患者性别、年龄、体重、CPB时间和手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
表1 两组患者一般情况比较
2.2两组患者围术期炎性因子和血清SP-A比较两组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6含量、SP-A值在T2~T5时均高于T0时(P<0.05),且UA组低于U组(P<0.05)。见表2。
表2 两组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、SP-A比较(ng/L)
注:*与T0时比较,P<0.05;#与U组比较,P<0.05
2.3两组A-aDO2和RI值比较与组内T0时比较,两组动脉血气A-aDO2值在T2~T5时均升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与U组比较,UA组动脉血气A-aDO2值在T2~T5时均降低(P<0.05);与组内T0时比较,两组RI值在T2~T5时均显著升高(P<0.05),见表3。
表3 两组患者动脉血气A-aDO2、RI值的变化
注:*与T0时比较,P<0.05;#与U组比较,P<0.05
2.4两组患者机械通气时间比较U组机械通气时间较UA组明显延长(14.3±0.6 vs.10.1±1.1),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
3讨论
CPB相关肺功能障碍主要表现为肺换气功能障碍,A-aDO2和RI是反映肺换气功能、肺泡膜弥散功能和氧合功能的重要指标,A-aDO2、RI值越高,肺换气和氧合功能越差。本研究结果表明,两组体外循环开始后、关胸、术后5 h及24 h各时间点的A-aDO2、RI值高于同组T0时,但乌司他丁联合Ala-Gln组上述时间点的A-aDO2、RI值低于乌司他丁组,而且术后的机械通气时间显著缩短。说明乌司他丁联合Ala-Gln可改善体外循环患者术后的肺换气和氧合功能。
SP-A是一种亲水性肺表面活性物质相关蛋白,不仅能降低肺泡表面张力,提高肺泡的稳定性,还能促进损伤的肺泡上皮细胞和毛细血管内皮细胞修复,此外,还参与了免疫防御、控制炎症反应和调节其他肺表面活性蛋白的释放等[10]。当肺泡毛细血管屏障受损时,SP-A可外渗至血液中。因此,SP-A既是一种肺泡毛细血管屏障的保护性蛋白,也是一种评价肺泡毛细血管屏障损伤程度的标志物[11-13]。本研究结果表明,各组T2~T5时血清SP-A显著高于T0时,但是UA组上述时间点的血清SP-A含量低于U组,说明乌司他丁联合Ala-Gln能更好地保护肺泡毛细血管膜屏障的完整性。
众所周知,CPB导致的全身炎症反应是术后肺功能障碍的重要机制之一[14]。TNF-α是炎症反应的始发和促发因子,在CPB肺损伤早期起着重要作用[15]。IL-6是由激活的T细胞、巨噬细胞和上皮细胞分泌,并可被TNF-α诱导。有研究表明,IL-6能进一步促进白细胞聚集,导致细胞肿胀和蛋白酶的释放,进而破坏肺泡膜屏障并导致血浆和蛋白渗出,最终导致肺泡壁充血、水肿和低氧血症[16-17]。本研究结果表明,各组在体外循环后T2~T5时血清TNF-α、IL-6含量均高于T0时,在体外循环期间最高,随后在T3~T5时皆有所下降。血清SP-A含量、A-aDO2、RI值与血清TNF-α、IL-6含量的变化趋势相一致,随着TNF-α、IL-6含量增高而增加,随其降低而下降,说明血清SP-A含量、A-aDO2、RI值与血清TNF-α、IL-6含量具有一定的相关性。UA组血清TNF-α、IL-6含量在T2~T5时显著低于U组,说明乌司他丁联合Ala-Gln能更好地抑制CPB导致的全身炎症反应。
综上所述,乌司他丁联合Ala-Gln通过抑制TNF-α、IL-6的释放,保护了肺泡毛细血管屏障的完整性,从而减少SP-A向血液外漏,因而改善了体外循环心脏瓣膜置换手术患者的肺换气和氧合功能,从而具有更好的保护作用。
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Effect of ulinastatin combined with alanyl glutamine on lung protection in patients undergoing valve replacement operation through cardiopulmonary bypass
YU Dong-mei,LIU Hai-feng,CHEN Ke-yan,ZHOU Jin*
(Department of Anesthesiology,General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region,Shenyang 110016,China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of ulinastatin combined with alanyl glutamine on alveolar barrier function in patients undergoing valve replacement operation through cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).MethodsForty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 40~60 years undergoing valve replacement operation through cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly divided into 2 groups (20 cases in each group):ulinastatin group(group U) and ulinastatin combined with alanyl glutamine group(group UA).After anesthesia induction,alanyl glutamine 0.4 g/(kg·d)was infused in group UA,and the same volume of compound amino acid injection was given in group U,the drugs being infused for 24 h.Ulinastatin 20 000 U/kg was added to the priming solution in both groups.Three mL venous blood was taken for IL-6,TNF-α and SP-A detection accompanied by arterial blood gas analysis after anesthesia preoperatively (T0),before CPB (T1),at 30 min after aorta unclamping(T2),at the end of operation(T3),at 5 h (T4) and 24 h after operation (T5).The mechanical ventilation time was observed in ICU.ResultsCompared with T0,the levels of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 in both groups at T2~T5 increased (P<0.05),and there were significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05).Compared with T0,the SP-A level in both groups at T2~T5increased (P<0.05),and there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05).Compared with T0,the A-aDO2 and RI values in both groups increased at T2~T5(P<0.05),and there were significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05).The time of mechanical ventilation in group UA was significantly shorter than that of group U (P<0.05).ConclusionUlinastatin combined with alanyl glutamine can decrease the inflammatory response,protect alveolar barrier function,and thus protecting the lung from injury.
Key words:Ulinastatin;Alanyl glutamine;Valve replacement;SP-A;Lung protection
收稿日期:2015-08-06
DOI:10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201604010