语法填空中的动词考查
2016-05-30刘习文
刘习文
有提示词语法填空要求使用括号内词语的正确形式填空,主要考查动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、词性转换或词形变化等。本文结合高考题谈谈语法填空题中的动词考查应对技巧。
谓语动词
若句中没有谓语动词,或虽有谓语动词,但需填的动词与之是并列关系时,所给动词就是谓语动词。填谓语动词要考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致这四个方面。
针对时态的考查:
1. 上下文时态要一致。看上下文谓语动词是什么时态,空白处要填的动词时态一般应与上下文的时态一致。这是高考语法填空中确定时态的最重要的依据。但需注意:客观事实或真理可能时态不一致;直接引语的时态可能会与引号外的句子时态不一致。
2. 并列谓语动词的时态要一致。如:
While making great efforts to run away, she fell (fall) over the hill and died.
3. 注意时间状语等信息词。如recently, so far, up to now, up to the present, in the past few years常与现在完成时连用;如by the end of, since 1980, for three years常与完成时连用。
4. 考虑固定句式。体会以下句式中的时态:
This is the second time that I have spoken to a foreigner./It was the second time that I had spoken to a foreigner.
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move./I had no sooner lain down than the telephone rang.
I was doing my homework when she suddenly walked in./I was on the point of going out when the phone rang.
针对语态的考查:
主语是谓语动词的执行者时,谓语动词与主语在逻辑上是主动关系,用主动语态;主语是谓语动词的承受者时,谓语动词与主语在逻辑上是动宾关系,用被动语态。如:
... but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We were told (tell) that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week ...
针对语气的考查:
是否用虚拟语气,主要由一些特殊的词或句式来决定。如:
Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in class one day, wearing sunglasses. He walked in as if he had bought (buy) the school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.
因buy在人称代词he后作谓语,又由语境可知,他不是真的买下了这个学校, 只是他走进来时的那种气势好像他买下了这所学校一样,故应用虚拟语气,与过去的事实相反,故填had bought。
针对主谓一致的考查:
Being too anxious to help an event develop often results (result) in the contrary to our intention.
例1 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) I______(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.
解析 was allowed。本句是单句,后面没有别的谓语动词,需填的动词应为谓语动词。因主语与allow是动宾关系,应用被动语态;从全文的时态看,这里要用一般过去时,故填was allowed。
例2 (2015·全国卷Ⅰ) It was raining lightly when I______(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didnt care.
解析 arrived。由主句谓语动词was raining和第二句的谓语动词didnt care可知,arrive应用一般过去时,故填arrived。
例3 (2015·全国卷Ⅰ) Yangshuo______(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers conducted by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
解析 is。指目前的状态或客观存在的状态,用一般现在时,下一句的谓语动词names是一般现在时,也有提示作用;主语Yangshuo是第三人称单数,故填is。
非谓语动词
若句中已有谓语动词,但又不是并列谓语时,所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定是用现在分词形式,过去分词形式,还是不定式形式。
作主语或宾语时,通常用现在分词形式表示进行或一般情况,用不定式表示具体或将来的情况。如:
... but it is not enough only memorize (memorize) rules from a grammar book.
目的状语或者在形容词后作状语,一般用不定式。如:
To complete (complete) the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.
作伴随状语,常用分词。与逻辑主语是主谓关系时,用现在分词;是动宾关系时,用过去分词。如:
He saw the stone, saying (say) to himself,“The night will be very dark.”
不论非谓语动词在句中作何种成分,若判断需要用分词,与逻辑主语是主谓关系用现在分词形式,是动宾关系用过去分词形式。如:
There will be a meeting, starting (start) later this year to review the film.
例4 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) I was the first Western TV reporter ______(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析 permitted。因句中有系动词was,所以permit应为非谓语动词;又因permit与reporter是逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词permitted做后置定语。
例5 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) My ambassadorial duties will include______(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu ...
解析 introducing。谓语动词是will include,设空处作include 的宾语,应用动名词,故填introducing。
例6 (2015·全国卷Ⅰ) Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ______(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析 living。因在says后的宾语从句中已有谓语arranges,所以live应为非谓语动词;又因people与live是主动关系,故用现在分词短语作后置定语。
动词的词性转换
词性转换要求同学们根据上下文的意思和语法规则写出所给提示词的派生词,包括常用的派生前缀和后缀,还要根据句子成分,分析空白处该用什么词性的词。近几年全国卷词类转换考查比较多的是形容词变副词、形容词变名词、名词变形容词、动词变名词等。同学们要牢记动词与名词、形容词的转换规律。
例7 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) But for tourists like me, pandas are its top______(attract).
解析 attraction。根据语境,设空前有形容词物主代词its及形容词top修饰,空白处应该是名词,所给词attract是动词,所以用其名词形式,故填attraction。
例8 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of ______ (achieve).
解析 a chievement。句意为“然后,首先处理最重要的任务,你会感觉到一种真正的成就感”。介词of后面应用名词作宾语, a sense of achievement意为“成就感”,故填achievement。
例9 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) ... influenced the ______(develop) of chopsticks.
解析 development。根据空格前的定冠词the和后面的介词of可知,空白处应是名词,故填development。