河北省主推中低筋小麦品种的馒头加工品质研究
2016-05-27班进福刘彦军郭家宝魏益民张国丛彭义峰赵彦坤
班进福,刘彦军,郭家宝,魏益民,张国丛,彭义峰,赵彦坤
(1.石家庄市农林科学研究院/河北省小麦工程技术研究中心,河北石家庄 050041;2.中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,北京 100094)
河北省主推中低筋小麦品种的馒头加工品质研究
班进福1,刘彦军1,郭家宝1,魏益民2,张国丛1,彭义峰1,赵彦坤1
(1.石家庄市农林科学研究院/河北省小麦工程技术研究中心,河北石家庄 050041;2.中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,北京 100094)
摘要:为了解河北省中低筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和馒头加工品质、评选优质馒头小麦品种,对河北省19个主推中低筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和馒头加工品质进行了测定。结果表明,除容重、出粉率、面粉色泽L*值、面粉白度、籽粒蛋白质含量、糊化温度、吸水率外,河北省主栽中低筋小麦品种品质性状的遗传变异范围较大,19个参试小麦品种馒头综合评分平均为78.4分,变化范围67.8~85.7分;达到良好馒头标准(80~90分)的共有9个品种,分别为良星66、石优17、石新828、良星99、科麦1号、永麦1号、邢麦4号、济麦22、和冀丰703。馒头高度与拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、P值和W值极显著正相关,与稳定时间显著正相关;馒头评分与P值和W值极显著正相关;馒头比容与稳定时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、延伸度、拉伸阻力、P值、G值和W值负相关。馒头评分与馒头坚实度极显著负相关,与馒头硬度显著负相关,说明馒头坚实度对馒头感官品质影响较大。
关键词:小麦;品质;馒头加工品质;质构仪测试;感官评价
馒头是我国人民尤其是北方人民的传统主食,用于制作馒头的小麦约占小麦总产量的40%[1],消费量在北方面食结构中约占2/3,在全国面制品中约占46%[2]。小麦品种是否适合制作馒头,直接影响其推广面积和应用年限,因此,加强馒头用小麦品质的改良已经成为我国小麦品质育种和生产的重要目标[3]。
目前,已有较多关于馒头品质评价和影响馒头质量的小麦品质性状的研究[4-13]。吴 澎等[14]指出,小麦面粉中蛋白质的含量和质量、淀粉黏度性状以及磨粉质量等因素对馒头品质有较大影响。Addo等[15]认为软质麦的蛋白含量与馒头体积呈极显著正相关,而硬质麦的蛋白含量与馒头体积没有相关性;而Hou等[16]指出面粉蛋白含量与馒头体积的相关性不显著。张春庆等[17]研究结果表明,小麦角质率与馒头体积和比容正相关。Lukow等[18]研究表明,馒头评分与面团形成时间、稳定时间呈极显著正相关,与SDS沉淀值、吸水率、和面仪峰高呈显著正相关。穆培源等[19]研究表明,馒头外观与籽粒蛋白含量、面粉蛋白含量、湿面筋含量呈极显著负相关;馒头黏性与籽粒蛋白含量、面粉蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、吸水率呈显著或极显著负相关。范玉顶等[20]研究表明,要提高馒头评分,必须协调好馒头体积、比容与外观、结构、弹韧性间的矛盾。本研究以河北省19个中低筋主栽小麦品种为材料,测定34个小麦品质指标,并进行北方馒头的制作、评分和馒头的质构仪测定,结合感官评价和质构仪评价两种方法研究影响馒头品质的相关指标,以期了解河北省主栽中低筋小麦品种的品质性状和馒头加工品质性状,为优质馒头专用小麦的培育和筛选提供参考依据。
1材料与方法
1.1试验材料
本研究选用的19个小麦品种为现阶段河北省生产上主栽的中低筋小麦品种,具体名称见表2。2008-2009 年度种植在河北省赵县,田间管理按常规进行。收获后储存 3 个月,用MLU202实验磨磨粉(无锡布勒机械制造有限公司)。
1.2测定项目与方法
蛋白质含量:根据GB/T 24899-2010,采用Perten 9100近红外(NIR)谷物品质分析仪测定;籽粒硬度:根据GB/T 21304-2007,采用小麦硬度指数测定仪测定;容重:根据GB/T 5498-2013测定;千粒重:根据GB/T 5519-2008测定;面粉白度:采用日本凯特公司C-100白度仪测定;出粉率:根据NY/T1094-2006采用MLU 202试验磨测定;小麦粉灰分含量:根据GB/T 24872-2010,采用Perten 9100近红外(NIR)谷物品质分析仪测定;湿面筋含量及面筋指数:根据GB/T 5506.2-2008,采用2200型面筋指数仪测定;籽粒沉淀值:根据GB/T 15685-1995,采用880508沉降值仪测定;粉质参数:根据GB/T 14614-2006,采用810110型粉质仪测定;拉伸参数:根据GB/T 14615-2006,采用8600.33.002型拉伸仪测定;馒头制作和评分参考中国行业标准SB/T 10139-93;小麦籽粒及小麦粉色度:根据国际照明组织(CIE)1976年制定的均匀色立体图表色系统,采用CS-80C色彩色差计测定;小麦面粉黏度特性:根据LS/T 6101-2002,采用SUPER3型RVA快速黏度分析仪测定;馒头质构特性:馒头出笼后,在室温下冷却20 min后测定体积并称重;室温冷却1 h后,装入塑料袋并密封,室温下放置12 h后进行品质评价。采用英国Stable Micro System公司生产的TA-XT2i型物性测定仪测定馒头硬度、黏着性、弹性、黏聚性、胶着性、咀嚼度、回复性。物性仪参数为压缩模式P/35铝探头,测定速度前、中、后均为2.0 mm·s-1,应变位移75%,引发力5.00 g,引发类型为自动,获取数据200。
1.4数据统计
采用SAS V8统计软件对试验数据进行方差分析;采用SPSS软件进行多重比较。
2结果与分析
2.119个小麦品种的品质性状
从表 1 可以看出,除容重、出粉率、面粉色泽L*值、白度、蛋白质含量、糊化温度、吸水率等7个指标外,19个小麦品种的其他27个品质性状的变异系数均大于10%。说明河北省主栽中低筋小麦品种多数品质性状的遗传多样性比较丰富。其中,最大拉伸阻力、最大拉伸比例、拉伸曲线面积、稳定时间、5 cm处拉伸阻力和拉伸比例变异系数较大,分别为75.93%、71.79%、71.60%、71.02%、65.17%和60.66%,其次是粉质质量指数、形成时间、W值、P值和弱化度,变异系数分别为44.71%、42.36%、41.07%、37.39%和34.11%,说明河北省主栽中低筋小麦品种间品质差异较大。
表1 19个中低筋小麦品种的品质性状
2.219个小麦品种的馒头品质性状
由表2可知,不同小麦品种的馒头加工品质差异较大,19个参试小麦品种馒头综合评分变化范围为67.8~85.7分,平均为78.4分,其中,达到良好馒头标准(80~90分)的共有9个品种,分别为良星66、石优17、石新828、良星99、科麦1号、永麦1号、邢麦4号、济麦22、和冀丰703,占参试小麦品种的47.4%。说明河北省中低筋小麦品种多数可以制作馒头,相当一部分可以制作优质馒头。从单项指标看,石新828、石优17和济麦22的馒头白度高、弹性和回复性较好,馒头评分高;石麦15制作的馒头比容大、白度高。科农199、观35、冀5265等9个小麦品种的馒头硬度均显著大于对照(良星99),邯7086、永麦1号、邢麦4号、金禾9123、冀丰703和石优17的馒头硬度均显著低于对照。良星66、冀丰703、科农199等9个小麦品种的馒头粘着性显著大于对照。科麦1号、石新828、永麦1号、冀5265和观35的馒头弹性显著大于对照,金禾9123、衡5229、衡6599、良星66、石麦14和邯麦11的馒头弹性与对照无显著差异,其余参试品种的馒头弹性均显著低于对照。小麦品种永麦1号、石新828、科麦1号、衡5229和金禾9123的馒头回复性显著大于对照,冀5265、衡5229和良星66与对照无显著差异,其余参试小麦品种的馒头回复性均显著低于对照。科麦1号、石新828、石优17、邯7086和邢麦4号的馒头坚实度均显著低于对照,衡6599、良星66、济麦22、冀丰703、永麦1号的馒头坚实度与对照无显著差异,其余参试品种的馒头坚实度均显著大于对照。
2.3小麦品质性状与馒头品质的相关性
小麦品质参数与馒头质量的相关分析结果(表3)表明,馒头高度与拉伸面积、拉伸阻力、P值、W值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);与稳定时间呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。馒头评分与P值、W值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。馒头比容与稳定时间、粉质指数、拉伸面积、延伸度、拉伸阻力、P值、G值、W值呈负相关。
表2 19个中低筋小麦品种的馒头品质性状
同列数据后不同小写字母表示品种间差异显著(P<0.05)
Different letters following the values within same column mean significant difference at 0.05 level
2.419个小麦品种的馒头品质性状与TPA的相关性
小麦的馒头品质性状与质构参数的相关分析结果(表4)表明,馒头评分与馒头坚实度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与馒头硬度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与馒头比容呈极显著正相关,与馒头高度呈显著正相关。馒头比容与馒头硬度、馒头胶着性呈显著负相关。馒头高度与硬度、胶着性、咀嚼度、坚实度呈显著负相关。馒头弹性与粘着性呈极显著负相关。馒头粘聚性与粘着性呈极显著正相关,与弹性呈极显著负相关。馒头胶着性与馒头硬度、弹性呈极显著正相关,与馒头粘聚性呈显著正相关。馒头咀嚼度与馒头硬度、粘着性、弹性、粘聚性、胶着性呈极显著正相关。馒头回复性与弹性、粘聚性、咀嚼度呈极显著正相关,与馒头粘着性呈极显著负相关。馒头坚实度与馒头硬度呈极显著正相关,与馒头胶着性、咀嚼度呈显著正相关。
表3 小麦品质性状与馒头品质的相关性
*:5%水平显著相关;**:1%水平显著相关。下同
*:Correlation significant at 0.05 level; **:Correlation significant at 0.01 level.The same as table 4
表4 小麦馒头品质性状与质构参数(TPA)的线性相关分析
3讨 论
本研究发现河北省主推中低筋小麦品种多数品质性状的遗传多样性比较丰富,且不同品种及其馒头品质差异较大。河北省中低筋小麦品种多数可以制作馒头,相当一部分可以制作优质馒头。采用遗传改良的方法来提高河北省小麦品种的馒头加工品质的潜力较大。
郭波莉等[21]研究发现,馒头外观形状和色泽与馒头评分呈极显著正相关,是评价馒头感官品质的主要指标;并认为质构仪测试指标中的弹性越高,馒头品质越好。康明辉等[22]研究结果表明,馒头的比容、外观形状、色泽、结构和气味等指标与馒头评分均呈极显著正相关;馒头咀嚼性与结构呈显著正相关;馒头硬度与内聚性和咀嚼性分别呈极显著负相关和正相关;馒头黏附性与结构、黏牙性和总分均呈极显著负相关,与外观形状呈显著负相关。而张国权等[6]研究发现,馒头咀嚼性与结构和外观形状均呈显著正相关;并认为馒头咀嚼性是影响馒头感官品质的重要质构指标。研究结论不尽相同可能跟研究所用小麦品种有关。本研究结合感官评价和质构仪分析对19个参试小麦品种(系)的馒头品质进行了评价和相关性分析,认为小麦籽粒品质的稳定时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸面积、延伸度、拉伸阻力、P值、G值、W值对馒头加工品质影响较大。因此,为了培育优质馒头小麦品种,小麦育种者需主要参考这些小麦品质性状。并初步推断馒头坚实度可作为评价馒头品质的重要测试指标,适当降低坚实度有利于提高馒头评分。
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Study on Steamed Bread-making Quality of Low and Medium Gluten Wheat Cultivars of Hebei Province
BAN Jinfu1,LIU Yanjun1,GUO Jiabao1,WEI Yimin2,ZHANG Guocong1,PENG Yifeng1,ZHAO Yankun1
(1.Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry sciences/Wheat Engineering Research Center of Hebei province,Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050041,China; 2.Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology,Chinese Academy of Agricultural sciences,Beijing 100094,China)
Abstract:In order to understand the grain quality and steamed bread quality of wheat cultivars in Hebei,and to select the wheat varieties which could make high-quality steamed bread,the grain quality and steamed bread quality of 19 wheat varieties with low and medium gluten were detected. The results showed that the genetic variation of wheat quality traits is large in Hebei province except for the indices of bulk density,flour yield,flour color L* value,flour whiteness,grain protein content,gelatinization temperature and water absorption. The average comprehensive score of the steamed bread were 78.4 for the tested 19 varieties,with the range from 67.8 to 85.7,and nine varieties reached the good steamed bread level (80-90),which were Liangxing 66,Shiyou 17,Shixin 828,Liangxin 99,Kemai 1,Yongmai 1,Xingmai 4,Jimai 22,and Jifeng 703,respectively. The steamed bread height was significantly positively correlated with tensile curve area,stretching resistance,P values and W values,and was also significantly positively correlated with stability time. The steamed bread score was significantly positively correlated with and P value and W value. The steamed bread volume was negatively correlated with stability time and quality index of flour,tensile curve area,stretching ratio,stretching resistance,P values,L values and W values. The steamed bread score was significantly negative correlated with steamed bread firmness and hardness,which showed that firmness had a large effect on steamed bread quality.
Key words:Wheat;Quality;Steamed bread-making quality;Texture analyzer determination;Sensory judgment
中图分类号:S512.1;S331
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1009-1041(2016)04-0443-06
基金项目:石家庄市科学技术研究与发展计划项目(08149012A)
收稿日期:2015-11-20修回日期:2015-12-08
网络出版时间:2016-04-01
网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1359.S.20160401.1530.016.html
第一作者E-mail:sjznkybjf@163.com