英语长句结构分析及翻译策略
2016-05-14黄娟
黄娟
摘 要:通过给简单句添加多个修饰语,用等立连词将简单句连在一起形成并列结构,用关联词引导将从句与主句联系在一起使英语句子修饰关系复杂,结构变化多样,加之英汉语言语法及表达之差别,给学生对其的理解带来不小的困难,影响阅读的质量。明白无误地分析英语长句结构,并系统的掌握相应翻译的策略是解决这一瓶颈的关键。
关键词:句子结构 英语长句结构分析 翻译策略
一、英语长句介绍
英语句子按照其结构可以分为简单句,并列句和复合句。英语长句的主要写长手段有:给简单句添加多个修饰语;用等立连词将简单句连在一起形成并列结构;用关联词引导将从句与主句联系在一起。接下来,我们主要来谈谈并列句及复合句。[1]
1.并列句
2个或者提2个以上的简单句用等立连词(或用分号,冒号,逗号等)连在一起的句子叫并列句。常用的等立连词有and(同,和),so(所以,因此),not only…but(also)…(不仅……而且),or(或者,否则),either...or(不是……就是),neither...nor(既不……也不),otherwise(否则),while(而、却)等。例如:
Sometimes I laugh, sometimes I am down.
我有时高兴大笑,有时情绪低沉。
Edward is a doctor and people often ring him up late at night.
爱德华是医生。(因此)常有人在深夜给他打电话。
2.复合句
复合句也叫主从复合句,它既是英语翻译中的难点,也是重点。主从复合句是结构复杂化的一个方法,借助于它可以表达比较复杂的内容。同时,也已经成为加大理解和翻译难度的一种常用方法。复合句主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句、同位语从句和定语从句。[2]例如:
The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject.
测试的目的是了解你对某门课程学习的情况。(关联词what引导宾语从句)
Most adults who are learning a foreign language would disagree with the statement.
多数正在学习外语的成年人不会同意这种说法。(关联词who引导定语从句)[3]
二、长句结构分析及翻译策略
1.分译
所谓分译是指把一句话译成两句或两句以上。
1The most distant groups of galaxies so far observed lie billions of light-years from our Milky Way, and 2there are galaxies so far from us that it is almost impossible for us to image the vastness of the distance.
分析:这是由等立连词and连接的并列句。
1. The most distant groups of galaxies→the subject
so far observed→an attribute modifying the subject
lie→the predicate
billions of light-years from our Milky Way→an adverbial, modifying the predicate
2. galaxies→the subject
so far from us→an attribute modifying galaxies
there are→the predicate
that→an adverbial clause of result
译法:迄今观察到的最远的星系群离我们银河系由几十亿光年,有些星系离我们是那么远,我们几乎无法想象有多远。
2.改变顺序法
在翻译主从复合句时,常要改变分句的顺序。原因主要有两方面:
英语句子的扩展方向倾向于右,汉语句子的扩展方向倾向于左。翻译时,我们经常发现英语和汉语主、从句顺序不一致。此时,需要根据汉语的表达习惯进行调整。[4]
The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made.
分析:The present question →the subject is →the link verb
that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made →the predicative clause
译法:目前的问题是,很多人把努一把力能做到的事看成是做不到的。
英语和汉语复合句的句子结构不同。
英语复合句中,分句以其主句为基干,通过连接手段,一层一层展开,因此,句子结构是树形或葡萄串形。汉语的分句多是按照事件发生的顺序出现,句子结构是竹竿形或行云流水式的。
The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because had had no food for two days.
分析: The boy →the subject
who was crying as if his heart would break →a relative clause mod-ifying the boy
said →the predicate
when I spoke to him →an adverbial clause of time that he was very hungry, because had had no food for two days →the object
译法:那个男孩哭的心似乎都碎了。我问他时,他说他已经有两天没吃东西,实在是饿极了。
3.优先提取主干法
这种方法顾名思义就是先把句子的主干提取,然后再看其他补充或修饰的成分。它是一个很有效地方法,如果我们具备了基本的句子结构知识,了解了句子的成分构成,先提取主干,抓住句子精髓,再看从句和其他部分,理清各个部分之间的关系,任何复杂的句子也就迎刃而解了。[5]
The concept that one could prove theorems of angles and lines that were in no way obvious made an “indescribable impression” on the young student.
分析:这句话的主干为下划线标示部分。意为:这个想法留下印象。
that one could prove theorems of angles and lines that were in no way obvious →an appositive clause explaining the concept that were in no way obvious →a relative clause modifying angles and linesindescribable →an attribute modifying impression on the young student →the adverbial
译法:原来人可以证明那些不易明显看出的角度和线段的定理。这一想法给这个年轻学生留下了“难以形容的印象”。
三、结语
英语长句作为一种重要的英语句式,它虽有着自己独特的语言表现形式和内容,有着与汉语不同的表达方式和习惯,但我们只要充分地了解它,掌握其特点,分析好句子成分,再根据具体情况,运用相应的方法翻译成汉语,如此便能保证对英语长句获取比较准确的理解,从而从根本上提高英语阅读能力。
参考文献:
[1]连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993:64
[2]党争胜.结构分析翻译法初探——浅论英语长句的汉译[J].外语教学,2006,04:64-66
[3]曹亚冰.信息型文本中长句的翻译[D].南京理工大学,2014
[4]孙璐.以《死亡、昏睡、旅行客》翻译项目为例看英语长句翻译[D].北京外国语大学,2014
[5]张玉霞,冯楠.英语长句分析及翻译对策[J].安徽文学(下半月),2010,05:161-162