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中医“上肢多风下肢多湿”是否适用于类风湿关节炎辨证的临床研究

2016-05-14张子扬娄玉钤

风湿病与关节炎 2016年9期
关键词:浮肿上肢类风湿

张子扬 娄玉钤

【摘 要】目的:探讨“上肢多风下肢多湿”是否适用于类风湿关节炎的中医辨证。方法:所有病例均来源于河南风湿病医院类风湿关节炎数据库(HFRA数据库),该数据库收录了自2013年4月至2016年7月就诊的符合纳入标准的409例类风湿关节炎患者的详细病证信息,包括关节表现与关节外表现,如与“风”有关的临床表现全身怕风、游走痛、麻痛,与“湿”有关的临床表现阴雨天加重、沉痛、肢体浮肿、僵痛、大便稀溏、大便黏滞、口黏腻、头重如裹、眼睑浮肿,再将所有病例分为下肢关节肿胀组和无下肢关节肿胀组,并采用SPSS 19.0统计软件分析“上肢多风下肢多湿”与有无下肢关节肿胀之间的关系。

结果:下肢关节肿胀组255例,无下肢关节肿胀组154例。在“风”的临床表现方面,下肢关节肿胀组:全身怕风177例(69.41%),游走痛69例(27.06%),麻痛5例(1.96%)。无下肢关节肿胀组:全身怕风102例(66.23%),游走痛33例(21.43%),麻痛4例(2.60%)。经χ2检验,2组间差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。在“湿”的临床表现方面,下肢关节肿胀组:阴雨天加重158例(61.96%)、口黏腻66例(25.88%)、大便稀溏25例(9.80%)、沉痛20例(7.84%)、僵痛20例(7.84%)、肢体浮肿19例(7.45%)、眼睑浮肿13例(5.10%)、头重如裹8例(3.14%)、大便黏滞5例(1.96%);无下肢关节肿胀组:阴雨天加重82例(53.25%)、口黏腻37例(24.03%)、僵痛28例(18.18%)、大便稀溏22例(14.29%)、头重如裹12例(7.79%)、肢体浮肿9例(5.84%)、沉痛5例(3.25%)、大便黏滞5例(3.25%)、眼睑浮肿4例(2.60%)。其中僵痛、头重如裹经χ2检验,2组间差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),余各项2组间差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。可知在“湿”的临床表现方面,无下肢关节肿胀组 > 下肢关节肿胀组,与“下肢多湿”相反。个别与“风”“湿”有关的临床表现如痒痛、身热不扬,由于频数过小,未做统计学处理。结论:“上肢多风下肢多湿”,不适用于类风湿关节炎的中医辨证;类风湿关节炎的“风”表现为全身怕风、游走痛,“湿”除关节肿胀外表现为阴雨天加重、口黏腻、僵痛、大便稀溏、肢体浮肿、沉痛、头痛如裹;类风湿关节炎患者普遍存在“湿”重于“风”的现象。

【关键词】 关节炎,类风湿;无下肢关节肿胀;有下肢关节肿胀;上肢多风;下肢多湿;辨证;HFRA数据库;临床研究

【ABSTRACT】Objective:To investigate whether the notion of “more wind in upper limbs and more dampness in lower limbs” in Chinese medicine is applicable to rheumatoid arthritis syndrome differentiation.Methods:All the cases were from Henan hospital rheumatism rheumatoid arthritis database(HFRA database),the database is a collection of self consistent with the April 2013 to July 2016 were included in the standard of 409 cases of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with disease information,including joint manifestations and other manifestations,for example,clinical manifestations related to wind such as fear of wind,dolor vagus (walking pain),numb pain,and clinical manifestations related to wet or dampness such as aggravation on rainy days,heave pain,limb edema,stiff pain,loose stool,viscose stool,sticky mouth,heavy and wrapped head and eyelid edema.All patients then were divided into a lower limb joint swelling group and a non-lower limb joint swelling group,using SPSS 19.0 statistical analysis software to analyze the relationship between the notion of “ more wind in upper limbs and more dampness in lower limbs ” and lower extremity joint swelling.Results:There were255 cases in the lower limb joint swelling group and 154 cases in the non-lower limb joint swelling group.As for the clinical manifestations related to wind in the lower limb joint swelling group:177 cases (69.41%) were afraid of the wind,69 cases (27.06%) had dolor vagus,and 5 cases (1.96%) suffered numb pain;while in the non-lower limb joint swelling group:102 cases (66.23%)were afraid of the wind,33 cases (21.43%) had dolor vagus,and 4 cases (2.60%) had numb pain.By the chi square test,there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).On the aspect of clinical manifestation related to dampness in the lower limb joint swelling group:158 cases condition (61.96%) aggravated,66 cases (25.88%) had sticky mouth,25 cases (9.80%) had loose stool,20 cases (7.84%) had heavy pain,20 cases (7.84%) had stiff pain,19 cases (7.45%) had limb edema,13 cases (5.10%) had eyelid edema,8 cases (3.14%) had heavy head like being wrapped and 5 cases (1.96%) had viscose stool,while in the non-lower limb joint swelling group:82 cases condition (53.25%) aggravated,37 cases (24.03%) had sticky mouth,28 cases (18.18%) had stiff pain,22 cases (14.29%) had loose stool,12 cases (7.79%) had heavy head like being wrapped,9 cases (5.84%) had limb edema,5 cases (3.25%) had heavy pain,5 cases (3.25%) had viscose stool and 4 cases (2.60%) had eyelid edema,among which the differences of stiff pain and heavy and wrapped pain between groups had statistical significance (P < 0.05),while the differences of other aspects had no statistical significance(P > 0.05).It was known from the aspect of dampness that there were more in the non-lower limb swelling than in the lower limb swelling,which was opposite to those suffered “more dampness in lower limb”.A few other clinical manifestations such itching pain and dull fever were not under statistical treatment.Conclusion:There widely exists a condition “dampness outweighing wind ” among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The clinical manifestations related to wind of rheumatoid arthritis were afraid of the wind,dolor vagus.The clinical manifestations related to wet were swelling of the joints as well as rainy days increase,sticky mouth,stiff pain,loose stool,limb edema,viscose stool,heavy head like being wrapped.

【Keywords】 arthritis,rheumatoid;non-lower limb joint swelling;lower limb joint swelling;more wind in upper limbs;more dampness in lower limbs;syndrome differentiation;HFRA database;clinical research

类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者几乎都有上肢关节肿痛,尤其表现在腕、掌指、近端指间关节,有的RA患者还伴有下肢关节肿痛,如膝、踝、跖趾关节的肿痛[1]。《素问·太阴阳明论》[2]曰:“阳病者,上行极而下,阴病者,下行极而上。故伤于风者,上先受之;伤于湿者,下先受之。”中医辨治风湿病亦有“上肢多风下肢多湿”之说[3],那么只有上肢关节肿痛的RA患者,是否风重湿轻?伴有下肢关节肿痛的RA患者,是否湿重风轻?这一问题值得进一步探讨。

1 病例来源

本研究的病例来源于河南风湿病医院RA数据库(HFRA数据库)[4]。该数据库收录了自2013年4月至2016年7月至本院就诊的符合纳入标准的409例RA患者的一般资料、关节表现、关节外表现等病证信息。

2 方 法

2.1 研究方法 将409例患者按有无下肢关节肿胀分为下肢关节肿胀组和无下肢关节肿胀组。将2组所涉及的所有与“风”有关的临床表现如全身怕风、游走痛、麻痛,及所有与“湿”有关的临床表现如阴雨天加重、沉痛、肢体浮肿、僵痛、大便稀溏、大便黏滞、口黏腻、头重如裹、眼睑浮肿与频数分组列表,进行比较。

2.2 统计学方法 采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料符合正态分布,以表示;不符合正态分布,以中位数与全距表示;计数资料计算构成比;2组间差异采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3 结 果

3.1 一般资料 下肢关节肿胀组共255例,男女比例为1∶6.73,年龄呈正态分布,17~78岁,平均(49.99±11.17)岁;病程呈偏态分布,2~528个月,中位数60个月。无下肢关节肿胀组共154例,男女比例为1∶6.7,年龄呈正态分布,18~79岁,平均(47.77±11.95)岁;病程呈偏态分布,2~480个月,中位数36个月。2组患者在性别、年龄、病程等方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。

3.2 风、湿相关临床表现及分析

3.2.1 临床表现 HFRA数据库中共涵盖关节表现及关节外表现134项,其中与“风”相关的表现3项,与“湿”相关的表现9项,见表1、表2。

3.2.2 χ2检验 依统计学要求,当n≥40且所有的T≥5时,用Pearson χ2检验;当n≥40,但有1≤T<5,用连续性校正χ2检验[5]。

2组数据样本量及频数符合四格表应用条件,通过对2组中的相同变量制定四格表资料,并运用统计学软件SPSS 19.0进行数据分析整理,见表3、表4。个别与“风”“湿”有关的临床表现由于频数过小,未做统计学处理,如下肢肿胀组痒痛2例(0.78%),身热不扬0例;无下肢肿胀组痒痛0例,身热不扬1例(0.65%)。

4 讨 论

主要证素为“风”的临床表现有全身怕风、游走痛、麻痛,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);主要证素为“湿”的临床表现只有僵痛、头重如裹,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其余各项临床表现2组比较差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。僵痛在无下肢关节肿胀组构成比为18.18%,>下肢肿胀组的7.84%,此临床表现代表的证素“湿”,无下肢关节肿胀组 > 下肢关节肿胀组,不符合“上肢多风下肢多湿”;头重如裹在无下肢关节肿胀组构成比为7.79%,>下肢关节肿胀组的3.14%,此临床表现代表的证素“湿”,无下肢关节肿胀组 > 下肢关节肿胀组,不符合“上肢多风下肢多湿”。通过分析可知,在有统计学意义的临床表现方面,2组在“风”的临床表现方面无差异性;在“湿”的临床表现方面,无下肢关节肿胀组 > 下肢关节肿胀组,甚至与“下肢多湿”相反。由此可以认为:“上肢多风下肢多湿”,不能作为RA的中医辨证依据。

本研究中“风”的3项表现、“湿”的9项表现的频数(概率即百分比)各不同。统计学认为,随机事件的概率 ﹤ 5%为小概率事件,统计推断时采取拒绝的态度[6]。将“风”与“湿”的表现分别按概率大小排列(﹤5%者不列入),RA患者的“风”表现为全身怕风、游走痛,“湿”的表现,除关节肿胀外(关节肿胀本身就是湿的表现),为阴雨天加重、口黏腻、僵痛、大便稀溏、肢体浮肿、沉痛、头重如裹。可见,RA患者普遍存在“湿”重于“风”的现象,治疗时应高度重视祛湿,少用风药。另外,“风”和“湿”在不同的疾病中有不同的表现[7],本研究将RA的“风”和“湿”的表现锁定为上述几项,可为RA临床问诊时明确方向,避免盲目性。

从HFRA数据库中可以看出,RA患者的关节肿胀部位与关节疼痛部位不完全一致。如果将409例患者按有无下肢关节疼痛分为下肢关节疼痛组和无下肢关节疼痛组,“上肢多风下肢多湿”,是否会出现与有无下肢关节肿胀组患者不同的结果?笔者按照上述方法对此进行研究,结果显示,“风”的临床表现有全身怕风、游走痛、麻痛,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);主要证素为“湿”的临床表现只有头重如裹,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其余各项临床表现2组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。由此可知,无论是从有无下肢关节肿胀还是从有无下肢关节疼痛方面进行分组研究,“上肢多风下肢多湿”均不能作为RA的中医辨证依据。

在利用HFRA数据库对RA的“风”和“湿”进行挖掘时,笔者还有一种感觉,即“风”“湿”的表现与寒象、热象、虚象、瘀(包括郁)象等表现多有交融,关系非常复杂,值得今后进一步挖掘。另外,本次研究的结论可能只是初步的,因病例来源非多中心性,舌脉没有纳入,会影响结果,这些都有待今后进一步完善提高。

5 参考文献

[1] 娄玉钤.风湿病诊断治疗学[M].郑州:郑州大学出版社,2003:137-157.

[2] 张志聪.黄帝内经素问集注[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,1999:123.

[3] 吴立文.痹证用药管见[J].甘肃中医学院学报,1992,9(2):2-4.

[4] 娄玉钤,张子扬,许平英 ,等.基于病证结合的类风湿关节炎数据库建立及其409例基线资料报告[J].风湿病与关节炎,2016,5(8):5-9.

[5] 马斌荣.医学统计学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:67-69.

[6] 章扬熙.医学科研设计与卫生统计学[M].郑州:郑州大学出版社,2005:49.

[7] 邹易良,肖相如.风邪概念规范化探讨[J].北京中医药大学学报,2016,39(3):191-192.

收稿日期:2016-07-20;修回日期:2016-08-15

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