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琼剧汉英翻译的理论与实践

2016-04-29欧兰花

知识文库 2016年1期

以琼剧《张文秀》为例,探索在进行琼剧汉英翻译实践时运用哪些翻译理论,以有效实现文本的交际功能和翻译的目的。

海南省作为国际旅游岛,文化是它的魂。琼剧是海南文化的一张名片,它是地方特色文化的一面旗帜。我想为传播琼剧贡献自己的一份力量。我总结一下自己的翻译体会。

一、理解字句的含义

根据句子的内容、文体和语境等判断其含义。

例1王员外:贫富悬殊损门楣。(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:The huge gap between the rich and the poor disparages my family status.

例2张文秀:二姐夫那双眼比狗眼还好,夜晚还能认得出状元来。你真看得准,明阴阳通古今,真不愧军师之才。可惜只在岳丈门下,当个管家奴,未免太屈才。(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:The eyes of my second brother-in law are brighter than the ones of dogs. Even at night you can still recognize No. 1 scholar in the imperial civil service exam.

you know everything. You should have been a military adviser, but you are only a housekeeper in father-in-law house. What a pity!

“明阴阳通古今”,就是“无所不知”,译成“everything”

二、理解字句以外的含义

例1 二姐夫:天下哪有你这样的白肚状元。

张文秀:白肚状元总比黑肚监生好得多(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:—Is there No.1 scholar in the highest civil service exam who dress in gray in the world ?

—It’s better than the vicious Imperial College student.

“白肚状元”是指“土灰,也指人狼狈不堪的样子”,该剧中张文秀是去给岳丈拜寿,不可能穿白衣服。“黑肚监生”是指“心肠阴险狠毒的监生”。

三、诗词的汉英翻译

诗词汉英翻译要注意韵律,形神兼备,诗情浓郁。

例1王三姐:金乌欲落归西山,留余晖,映纱窗。倦鸟知怀相呼唤,并翼投林影双双。愁满怀,空自叹,俯首含泪暗思量。万物皆有归宿处,游子何故不还乡。(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:Crows fly down and return to the western hills,

Leaving their shadows on the screen windows.

Tired birds care for and summon each other,

Tweeting and flying to the forest in pairs.

I sadly sign with the dropping head,

Thinking to myself with tears.

Everything has returned to its home,

Why not the wanderer go home?

例2王三妹:姐妹是同根相连,骨肉相残心何忍?张郎啊,我的苦衷诉不尽,我等你,东去春来日子遥遥,多么可怜。(《张文秀》)

译:Born as we are of the selfsame root,

Why should one torment the other?

Master Zhang, my dear!

The torture I endure silently is innumerable.

I am waiting for you for endless days through spring and summer.

How wretched I am!

四、修辞学的汉英翻译

(一)比喻

明喻译成英语的simile(如:像甲→like A);暗喻与借喻译成英语的metaphor(是甲→be A)。英语中simile的类似表现体为:like,as,look,seem(to / that / as if…),as if,as though,such as,just as,similar to,so / as…as等。

例1 王家二姐:她是烂泥扶不上墙。(王大姐和二姐劝说王三妹另嫁无效后,责备她不懂她们的用心良苦。)(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:She is like the mud which is too sloppy and loose to paste the wall. She insensible of our good intentions.(本人译)

(二)借代

借代是指不直说某人或某事物的名称,而是借和它密切相关的名称去代替,这种辞格也叫做“换名”。一般采用直译和意译相结合的办法。

例1 反腐就是连老虎和苍蝇一起打。(“老虎”指位高权重的高官,“苍蝇”是指那些损害群众切身利益的小官小吏。)

译:Anti-corruption is to fight against both tigers and flies—including all high-ranking (tigers) and lower-level officials (flies) for serious discipline and law violations.

例2丫环:我轻扶织女度鹊桥。牛郎早已待在桥头。(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:I help my mistress across the bridge,. My master is already waiting there.

文中丫环把“织女”代替的“女主人”,把“牛郎”比作“男主人”。

(三)双关语

双关指在一定的语言环境中,利用词的多义和同音的条件,有意使语句具有双重意义,言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。双关可使语言表达得含蓄、幽默、而且能加深语意,给人以深刻印象。采用直译和意译相结合的办法,并指出谐音或谐意的双关所在。

例 贾琏道:“打量你哥哥行事像个人么?你知道外头的人叫他什么?……叫他‘忘仁’!”……凤姐“噗嗤”的一笑:“他可不叫王仁,叫什么呢?”贾琏道:“你打量那个‘王仁’吗?是忘了仁义礼智信的那个‘忘仁’哪!”(《红楼梦》)

译:Jialian said: “You may think that brother of yours a gentleman; but do you know what people outside call him?... Wang Ren(忘仁—forgetting humanity)” …Xifeng burst out laughing. “ Of course, that’s his name—Wang Ren(王仁).”he said: “It’s not the Wang Ren you think, but the Wang Ren meaning that he’s lost all sense of decency and propriety.” (杨宪益,戴乃迭译)

五、成语、歇后语、谚语或俗语的汉英翻译

对此灵活采用“归化”或“异化”等翻译方法,突出“功能对等”,突破文化障碍。

例如“洞房花烛夜,金榜题名时(The greatest joy of life is either to spend the first night in the nuptial chamber or to pass a civil service examination.)”、 “天下没有不散的宴席(All good things must come to an end.)”、“好汉不吃眼前亏(Only a fool goes looking for a trouble.)”、“冤家路窄(Foes are fated to meet.)”和“酒逢知己千杯少,话不投机半句多(A thousand cups of wine are not enough when treating a bosom friend, but half a disagreeable word is too much.)”等。又如:

例1王家二女婿:过家后米成熟饭难在改。(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:What has been done can't be changed after her entering new home.

这里 “生米煮成熟饭”比喻“事情已经做成了,不能再改变”,只能意译。

例2王家大姐:常言道:“肥水不流外人田”。(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:As the saying goes: “Rich water should be kept on its own fields.”

六、典故的汉英翻译

找出典故的来历,典故通常不直译的,要变通。对具有民族特色的典故、神话故事、经典出处,必要的话要略做文化背景的注释。

例1张文秀:文秀非是薄幸儿,今天特回来探问。不应该出言不慎把你气。万望小姐放心开。我不愿蟾宫折丹桂。愿只愿和小姐凤凰齐飞。(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:I’m not insensitive to luck. Today I’m here specially to visit you and shouldn’t talk rashly. Hope you can set your mind at ease. I prefer flying along with you like phoenix to getting official rank.

例2 张文秀:小姐啊,你爸盼你攀高门。你我焉能咏关雎?(琼剧《张文秀》)

译:Dear, your father wish you to marry a man with riches and honors. It’s impossible for us to sing like ospreys.

必须承认,任何翻译理论都不是十全十美的。因此译者要正确运用得当的翻译策略和语言技巧,才能有效实现文本的交际功能和翻译的目的,译文才会更准确、鲜明、生动和传神,并能保存原作的丰姿。

基金项目:海南省哲学社会科学2015年规划课题〔HNSK(2C)15-39 〕“琼剧英文翻译理论与实践-以《张文秀》为例”

(作者单位:海口经济学院)