吡格列酮干预对高蛋白饮食糖尿病大鼠肾病的影响*
2016-04-21张俊峰
张俊峰
(江西省消防总队培训基地门诊部,江西 南昌 330200)
吡格列酮干预对高蛋白饮食糖尿病大鼠肾病的影响*
张俊峰
(江西省消防总队培训基地门诊部,江西 南昌330200)
摘要:目的考察吡格列酮干预对高蛋白饮食糖尿病大鼠肾病的影响。方法DM大鼠随机分3组,15只/组,①DM模型组、 ②吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg组、③吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg组,另取健康SD大鼠15只为 ④ 对照组,给予正常饲料喂养。 ①和④每日给予灌胃生理盐水5 ml/100g,②和③每日按剂量灌胃吡格列酮,连续给药8 w。给药第0、4和8 w末,检测空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG),收集大鼠24 h尿液,测定尿白蛋白(urinary albumin)和尿肌酐(urinary creatinine);给药第8w末检测甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、血肌酐(serum creatinine, SCr)与尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)。大鼠安乐死后,测定腹主动脉的血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、计算脏器指数(肾肥大指数),采用免疫组织化学染色法检测ICAM-1表达,在光镜下记录肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数,电镜下考察肾脏的病理变化。结果试验过程中无1只大鼠死亡。与对照组比,DM模型组0~8 w血糖、尿蛋白和肌酐清除率较高(P<0.05),第8 w DM模型组的TC、TG、BUN、Scr肾脏器系数、ICAM-1表达、肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数、肾小球毛细血管基底膜厚度和MDA较高(P<0.05),与DM模型组比,吡格列酮组0~8w血糖、尿蛋白和肌酐清除率较低(P<0.05),第8 w DM模型组的TC、TG、BUN、Scr肾脏器系数、ICAM-1表达、肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数、肾小球毛细血管基底膜厚度(glomerular basement membrane, GBM)和MDA较低(P<0.05),与吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg组比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg组0~8 w血糖、尿蛋白和肌酐清除率较低(P<0.05),第8 w DM模型组的TC、TG、BUN、Scr肾脏器系数、ICAM-1表达、肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数和MDA较低(P<0.05)。与对照组比,第8 w DM模型组的CAT降低(P<0.05),与DM模型组比,吡格列酮的CAT较高,与吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg组比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg组CAT较高(P<0.05)。结论吡格列酮可减轻高蛋白饮食糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤,该作用可能与其降低ICAM-1、MDA、肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数和肾小球毛细血管基底膜增厚和升高CAT有关,且该作用具有剂量依赖性趋势。
关键词:吡格列酮;高蛋白饮食糖尿病大鼠;肾病
近年来,糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)发病率迅速攀升。中国20岁以上的成人糖尿病患病率接近10.0%,糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy, DN)是糖尿病患者最常见的慢性并发症之一,年发生率接近50.0%,DN是导致终末期肾病最主要的病因。DN的发病机制较复杂,可能是胰岛素抵抗、脂代谢紊乱、氧化应激、持续高血糖代谢状态、炎症介质和肾血流动力学异常等综合因素的结果[1]。吡格列酮可通过减轻胰岛素抵抗改善糖脂代谢,临床试验显示吡格列酮也可治疗糖尿病肾病[2],但其治疗机制尚不明确,本课题旨在通过研究吡格列酮干预对高蛋白饮食DM大鼠,考察吡格列酮对DN的影响,为临床使用该药提供参考。
1研究资料与方法
1.1受试动物SD大鼠,体重80~110 g,全部♂,购自重庆医科大学实验动物中心,合格证:医动字NO.310501001,饲养环境:通风清洁,光照12h/12h,室内温度20~24℃,相对湿度50%±10%,自由进食饮水。
1.2受试药物与试剂盐酸吡格列酮片,国药准字:H20060592,规格:15 mg/片(以吡格列酮计),批号:20130301,杭州康恩贝制药有限公司生产。链脲佐菌素,批号:S0130,美国Sigma公司提供;水合氯醛,分析纯,广州化学试剂厂。
1.3DM大鼠制备以大豆蛋白为饲料蛋白质来源,混合麦淀粉与植物油混匀后烧煮烘干,制成蛋白质含量40%、脂肪40%和碳水化合物 20%及适量盐与维生素的块料,饲料热卡>1.5 kJ/100 g。连续喂养6 w,第6周末,禁食12 h,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素30 mg/kg,断尾取血法测血糖/w,连续4w外周血血糖≥16.7 mmol/L者为合格的糖尿病大鼠。
1.4试验步骤
1.4.1分组与给药DM大鼠45只,随机分为3组,15只/组,①DM模型组、②吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg组、③ 吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg组,另外选取同期购买的健康SD大鼠15只,为④对照组,给予正常饲料喂养。①和④每日给予灌胃生理盐水5 ml/100g, ② 和③每日按剂量灌胃吡格列酮,连续给药8w。
1.4.2指标检测在给药后0、4和8w末,采用Olympus AU2700全自动生化分析仪检测空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG),收集大鼠24 h尿液,测定尿白蛋白(urinary albumin, UA)和尿肌酐(urinary creatinine, UC)清除率;给药第8w末检测甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、血肌酐(serum creatinine, SCr)与尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)。大鼠安乐死后,测定腹主动脉的血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、摘取肾脏,计算脏器指数(肾肥大指数),采用免疫组织化学染色法检测细胞间粘附因子(intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1)表达,在光镜下记录肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数,电镜下考察肾脏的病理变化。
1.5统计学处理将所有数据输入SPSS15.0软件,计量资料符合正态分布者采用“均数±标准差”表示,用One-Way ANOVA法,方差齐性采用Fisher LSD检验,方差不齐,采用Tamhane’s T2检验,P≤0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1大鼠的一般情况试验过程中无1只大鼠死亡。对照组大鼠发育良好,反应灵敏,毛皮有光泽,动作自如;DM大鼠精神萎靡,体型消瘦,反应迟钝,弓背竖毛无光泽且易脱落。吡格列酮大鼠,发育较好,反应尚可,体重有增长但较对照组低。
2.2吡格列酮给药8w对血糖(FBG)、尿蛋白(UA)和肌酐(UC)清除率的影响对照组0~8w,FBG、UA和UC清除率无显著变化(P>0.05)。与对照组比,DM模型组0~8w FBG、UA和UC清除率较高(P<0.05),DM模型组的FBG、UA和UC清除率随着喂养时间延长,逐渐增高,与DM模型组比,吡格列酮组0~8w血糖、尿蛋白和肌酐清除率较低(P<0.05),与吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg组比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg组0~8w FBG、UA和UC清除率较低(P<0.05),见表1。
2.3吡格列酮给药8w对甘油三脂(TC)、总胆固醇(TG)、尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(Scr)的影响与对照组比,DM模型组的TC、TG、BUN和Scr较高(P<0.05);与DM模型组比,吡格列酮组的TC、TG、BUN和Scr较低(P<0.05);与吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg组比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg组的TC、TG、BUN和Scr较低(P<0.05),见表2。
2.4吡格列酮对肾脏器系数、ICAM-1表达和肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数的影响与对照组比,DM模型组的肾脏器系数、ICAM-1表达和肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数较高;与DM模型组比,吡格列酮组的肾脏器系数、ICAM-1表达和肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数较低(P<0.05);与吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg组比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg组的肾脏器系数、ICAM-1表达和肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数较低(P<0.05)。见表3。
表1 吡格列酮给药8w对FBG、UA和UC清除率的影响
注:模型组与对照组比,*P<0.05,与模型组比,∆P<0.05,与吡格列酮7.5mg/kg组比,#P<0.05。
表2 吡格列酮对TC、TG、BUN和Scr的影响
注:DM组与对照组比,*P<0.05,与DM组比,∆P<0.05,与吡格列酮7.5mg/kg组比,#P<0.05。
表3 吡格列酮对肾脏器系数、肾ICAM-1
注:DM组与对照组比,*P<0.05,与DM组比,∆P<0.05,与吡格列酮7.5mg/kg组比,#P<0.05。
2.5吡格列酮对CAT、MDA和肾小球毛细血管基底膜的影响对照组无异常病理表现,DM模型组肾小球毛细血管基底膜(gomerular basement membrane, GBM)增厚,系膜细胞肿胀,系膜基质增多,系膜区扩大,吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg组和吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg组较DM肾脏病理改变明显减轻,与对照组比仅有少量病变,GBM基本均匀一致,见表4和图1。
表4 吡格列酮对CAT、MDA和GBM的影响
注:DM组与对照组比,*P<0.05,与DM组比,∆P<0.05,与吡格列酮7.5mg/kg组比,#P<0.05.
图1 吡格列酮对肾小球毛细血管基底膜厚度的影响
3讨论
DN作为糖尿病最主要的慢性并发症,以蛋白尿、肾小球肥大和肾小球基底膜增厚为主要特征,功能上表现为高滤过和肾小球滤过屏障改变,可导致终末期肾脏疾病[3-4]。
吡格列酮是胰岛素增敏剂,属于噻唑烷二酮类药物(thiazolidinediones, TDZs),近来研究表明吡格列酮可减轻DN病变,涉及多个系统,机制复杂,目前尚未明确。本课题结果显示,吡格列酮可保护DN,存在以下几个可能:1)降低DM血糖,改善糖脂代谢,高脂血症参与肾脏损伤,与7.5 mg/kg组比,15.0 mg/kg组改善糖脂代谢的功能更强,说明吡格列酮改善糖脂作用可能与剂量呈相关性;2)降低DM尿蛋白、肌酐清除和DM大鼠的肾脏脏器指数。尿蛋白与胰岛素抵抗密切相关,与健康人比,糖尿病患者肾小球率过滤显著增高,尿蛋白水平增高,采用胰岛素增敏剂可改善白蛋白丢失,而本课题中吡格列酮可降低DM大鼠的尿蛋白,降低肾损伤,说明吡格列酮具有胰岛素增敏剂的作用,与Stabile G等人[5]的研究结果一致。也有研究认为匹格列酮对DM大鼠的保护作用并不依赖增强胰岛素敏感,原因在于链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病模型为胰岛素依赖型,笔者认为该论点尚存质疑,首先链脲佐菌素的半衰期为6h,本课题中给予链脲佐菌素后连续4w高蛋白高脂饲料喂养[6]。吡格列酮可降低DM大鼠的肌苷清除率和肾脏脏器指数,说明吡格列酮对肾脏具有直接的保护作用[7];3)降低DM肾脏器系数、ICAM-1表达和肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数。糖尿病状态下,ICAM-1可促进巨噬细胞浸润,促进肾小球内皮细胞表面、肾小球和肾间的单核的巨噬细胞浸润,本课题中高蛋白喂养的DM大鼠ICAM-1表达和肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数较DM大鼠高,说明随着发病时间的延长肾小球内ICAM-1表达升高,浸润的巨噬细胞数目也随之增高,另一方面,蛋白喂养增加了DM大鼠的尿蛋白表达,提示肾脏内皮损伤伴随肾小球毛细血管管压增高,管压时间越长,则ICAM-1表达越高,呈现时间强度依赖关系,也说明了蛋白喂养DM大鼠可进一步加重糖尿病伴肾组织损伤[8-9];4) 降低DM的MDA和肾小球毛细血管基底膜厚度,增高CAT。MDA是脂质过氧化的代谢产物,反映机体脂质过氧化程度,同时MDA具有强交联性质,与含游离氨基的蛋白质和核酸形成Schiff氏碱,不易排泄妨碍蛋白质、核酸及细胞功能,MDA还可增加低密度脂蛋白对细胞的毒性作用,CAT水平下降可引起生物膜脂质过氧化、细胞内蛋白变性,继而导致细胞损伤,DN大鼠MDA增高,CAT降低,提示DN大鼠的肾组织氧化和抗氧化系统失衡,吡格列酮可降低MDA和增高CAT,说明吡格列酮具有显著的抗氧化作用[10-12]。
综上,吡格列酮可减轻高蛋白饮食糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤,该作用可能与其降低CAM-1、MDA、肾小球单核/巨噬细胞浸润数和肾小球毛细血管基底膜增厚和升高CAT有关,且该作用具有剂量依赖性趋势。
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The effect of pioglitazone on the high protein diet of diabetic nephropathy rats
ZHANGJun-feng
(Jiangxi Fire Brigade Training Base Clinic,Nanchang 330200,China)
Abstract:Objective: To investigate the effect of pioglitazone on the high protein diet of diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats. Methods: Diabetes mellitus (DM) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, 15 rats in each group: DM group, 7.5mg/kg pioglitazone group and 15.0mg/kg pioglitazone group, 15 healthy rats were collected as the control group. The control group was fed with normal diet. And the DM rats were administered high protein diet. All groups were treated for 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG),urine albumin (UA) and urinary creatinine(UC) were collected on the beginning, 4(th)week and 8(th)week of treatment. On the 8(th)week, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol(TC), serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), malondialdehyde(MDA), catalase(CAT) in blood were defined and ICAM-1, glomerular monocyte/macrophage infiltration and glomerular basement membrane(GBM) in kidney were defined. Results: No rat died during the experiment. FBG, UA, UC at the beginning, 4(th)week and 8(th)week of treatment in DM group were higher, and TC, TG, BUN, Scr, kidney index, ICAM-1, glomerular monocyte / macrophage infiltration, MDA and GMB were higher in DM group on the 8(th)week of treatment. Compared with DM group, FBG, UA, UC at the beginning, 4(th) week and 8(th) week of treatment were decreased, and TC, TG, BUN, Scr, kidney index, ICAM-1, glomerular monocyte / macrophage infiltration, MDA and GMB were decreased in pioglitazone groups(P<0.05). Compared with 7.5mg/kg pioglitazone group, FBG, UA, UC at the beginning, 4(th) week and 8(th)week of treatment were decreased, and TC, TG, BUN, Scr, kidney index, ICAM-1, glomerular monocyte / macrophage infiltration and MDA were decreased in 15.0 mg/kg pioglitazone group.Compared with the control group, CAT was decreased in the DM group (P<0.05). Compared with the DM group, CAT was increased in the pioglitazone groups, and higher in 15.0 mg/kg pioglitazone group (P<0.05). Conclusion Pioglitazone can protect the renal function of DN by decreasing the expression of CAM-1, glomerular monocyte/macrophage infiltration and thickening of GBM, with a dose-dependended trend.
Key words:pioglitazone; high protein diet of diabetic mellitus; nephropathy
(收稿日期2015-12-11)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-7115.2016.03.006
中图分类号:R587.1
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1004-7115(2016)03-0257-04
*作者简介:张俊峰(1975-),男,江西南昌人,主治医师,本科,主要从事内分泌临床诊治工作。