奔跑吧 奥运

文/五花肉

五环漫谈

奔跑吧 奥运

Run,Olympics

文/五花肉

马拉松是历史悠久的奥运项目之一，它的诞生源自公元前490年的希波战争。当时，希腊在马拉松海边击败了波斯侵略军，传令兵菲迪皮德斯奉命将这一捷报尽快告诉雅典居民。他从马拉松一路飞奔跑到雅典广场，高喊：“雅典人，我们胜利了！”之后，便永远地倒下了。为了纪念这一历史，1896年举办的现代首届奥林匹克运动会，把一项长跑比赛项目定名为“马拉松”。

The marathon is one of the oldest Olympic events, which was originated from the Persian War in 490 BC. Pheidippides, a Greek messenger, was dispatched from the battlefield of Marathon to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated in the Battle of Marathon. He ran to the square without stopping, exclaiming Rejoice, we are victorious, and passed away. The marathon event was instituted in commemoration of this historic event when holding the modern Olympic events in 1896.

赛程标准四易其稿Four Times' Changes of Distance Standard

马拉松项目的赛程，在前三届奥运会上一直没有统一的标准：首届以菲迪皮德斯当初跑过的路线为准，全程40公里；第二届修改为40.26公里，第三届又调整回40公里。直到1908年第四届伦敦奥运会，为了方便英国王室观看马拉松比赛，时任奥运会组委会决定将出发点设在伦敦郊外温莎宫东平台前的草坪上，终点则设在白城运动场的国王包厢前，全程总长26英里385码，折合42.195公里，这一标准后来被国际田联采用，成为如今马拉松比赛的统一标准。

There was not a standard distance for the event in the first three sessions of modern Olympics. The length of the marathon in the first modern Olympics was 40 km, which was along the route run by Pheidippides. The length of the marathon was 40.26 km which was revised in the second modern Olympics and adjusted to 40 km in the third modern Olympic. In the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, the then-Olympic Committee, set up the race starting in the courtyard of Windsor Castle and ending in front of the Royal Box at White City Stadium. The total length was 26 mile 385 yards, about 42.195 km, which is applied by IAAF as the standard distance of marathon.

专业选材统一标准Standards for Candidates

纵观历届奥运的马拉松比赛成绩，冠军几乎被非洲选手包揽，这主要受益于非洲选手独特的体质，无论是体脂比例、大小腿长度比，还是血液中血红蛋白含量、以及线粒体的数量和性能，都比其他人种相对优秀。

Throughout the Olympic history, largely thanks to the unique body condition, African athletes almost swept the champions of marathon races. Africans have higher physical advantages than other races, either fat ratio and thigh-shank ratio, or hemoglobin content and quantity and performance of mitochondria.

受此启发，马拉松专业运动员的选材一般遵循以下标准：身高介于1.65 m和1.76 m之间，体重指数（BMI）小于20；小腿、跟腱和脚趾要长，踝关节、膝盖和臀部要小；血红蛋白（血色素）含量和最大吸氧量则要高，符合这些条件的运动员更适应马拉松项目对体质的特殊要求。

Inspired by this, generally, the standards for candidates has been developed, namely the height between 1.65 m and 1.76 m; body mass index less than 20; long shank, Achilles's tendon, toe and small ankle, knee andhaunch; high hemoglobin content and maximal oxygen uptake. Such athletes meet the special requirements for body condition in the marathon race.

比赛用水标准严格Strict Water Drinking Standard

马拉松是一项鼓励全民参与的体育项目，一向以开放和包容著称，比赛场地多选自城市道路，业余爱好者和专业运动员可以同场竞技。但是在专业竞技比赛中，对比赛用水的要求却非常严格。

Marathon is an open and inclusive sports event that encourages everyone to participate. Most of the sports venues are urban roads, where amateurs can compete with professional athletes. However, the rule of the water drinking is very strict in professional marathon race.

马拉松规定，除了比赛的起点和终点，赛程中每隔2.5公里都要设置一个饮料站，提供饮用水和湿海绵，供选手饮用和降低体温，除此之外，不能从任何其他途径获取。Except the start and finish lines, the water station is at every 2.5 km to provide drinking water and wet sponges for hydrating the body and lowering the body temperature. Athletes cannot get water from other ways.

结 语Conclusion

从体育竞技到强身健体，从全程马拉松到半程马拉松，马拉松以其不设专业门槛的参赛标准和灵活的赛制创新，成功实现了从奥运向民间的跨越，影响力日益增强，成为风靡世界、全民参与的体育项目。

From sport competition to physical fitness, from full marathon to half marathon, the participation standard without professional restrictions and the innovation in flexible competition system make marathon move toward the folk and become a popular event with the growing influence in the world.

（支持单位：上海市质量和标准化研究院）