巧妙设计文本 专练“七选五”

河南 庞先庆

巧妙设计文本 专练“七选五”

河南 庞先庆

Passage 1

新鲜度：★★★★☆ 难度：★★☆☆☆ 体裁：说明文话题：食糖 关键词：sugar 短文词数：357 正确率： /5建议时间：7分钟_____________________________________

Danger in Sugar?

We live in a sweet world. The average American kid consumes more than 20 teaspoons of sugar per day. 1 We all know that too much sugar isn’t good for you. But did we know it could be toxic? A team of researchers at the University of Utah used mice to conduct a study on the negative effects of sugar. 2

During the 58-week-long study，mice were fed a diet containing 25% more sugar. 3 The team found that these mice were twice as likely to die as mice fed a similar diet without the sugar. Though the mice did not show signs of obesity or high blood pressure，male mice produced 25% fewer offspring than the other mice.

Scientists often use mice for research because they have a similar genetic structure to humans. Findings from this study show negative effects that are not as obvious as weight gain or heart problems. 4

Different types of sugar have different effects on the human body. Some of the sugar we consume comes from foods we might expect—candy，soda，and cookies. 5 To help cut down on extra sugar consumption，nutrition experts suggest looking at the ingredients on food packages. Ingredients that end in ose，such as sucrose in some fruit juice，are sugars. So are those that include the word syrup. Cutting sugar out of the American diet altogether may be difficult. But making the effort to control our nation’s sugar desires will provide for a truly sweeter future.

A. But much of the sugar that we eat is hidden.

B. They found it could have serious side effects on people’s health.

C. And adults eat 50% more sugar today than they did in the 1970s.

D. A big bowl of milk and cereal can be a great way to start the day.

E. Some kids’ foods are high in sugar and packaged with too many vitamins and minerals.

F. This percentage is equal to a healthy human diet along with three cans of soda daily.

G. But large amounts of sugar can cause long-term health problems and even shorten lives.

（原创网址：http://www.timeforkids.com/news/dangerdessert/99091）

【篇章图解】本文为说明文。研究人员通过以老鼠为实验对象所进行的实验研究，表明食糖过多会严重地影响人们的健康，旨在劝诫人们为了有一个美好而健康的未来，要合理控制糖分的摄入，保证健康的饮食。

【答案与解析】

1. C。本段第一句话表明糖在我们日常生活中的常见程度，第二句话从美国孩子平均每天糖的食用量这个方面对此予以说明。选项C中的“adults”与前文中的“kid”形成对比，而且仅有孩子的糖的食用量的情况还是不够的，还应该就成年人对糖的食用量做一说明。所以此处答案应为C。

2. B。根据“But did we know it could be toxic?”这句话的设问，以及“researchers used mice to conduct a study on the negative effects of sugar”所反映的信息可知，科学家发现糖对人的健康有危害。故选B项。

3. F。根据下文第三段可知，选老鼠作为研究对象是因为它们和人类有着相似的基因结构，利于比对研究。所以只有给老鼠的喂食量与正常人的食量相当时，研究成果才会有大的价值。另外，选项F中的关键词“this percentage”也与前文中的“a diet containing 25% more sugar”在逻辑上具有一致性。故选F项。

4. G。空白处前面的一句话说明食糖对健康的负面影响不像体重增加和心脏病那么明显，而G选项意为：大量的食糖会引起长期的健康问题，甚至会缩短生命。选项G中的关键词“but”表明前后句之间是转折关系，故选G项。

5. A。文章最后一段提到，有些糖类是可见的，比如我们普遍都会意识到在candy，soda和cookies中含糖；文章接着提到在另外的一些食品成分中也是含有糖分的，只是形式不一样，有些是隐藏的，比如果汁中的蔗糖（sucrose）。故选A项。

【温馨提示】

toxic adj.有毒的

offspring n.（单复数同形）子孙，后代

ingredient n.（烹调的）配料，成分

obesity n.肥胖

【难句分析】

原文：The team found that these mice were twice as likely to die as mice fed a similar diet without the sugar.

译文：研究小组发现，这些小鼠死亡的几率是喂食类似无糖饮食小鼠的两倍。

分析：这是一个主从复合句。“The team found...”是主句；“that these mice were twice as likely to die as mice fed a similar diet without the sugar”是一个由that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句含有一个比较状语从句：as mice fed a similar diet without the sugar。

Passage 2

新鲜度：★★★★☆ 难度：★★☆☆☆ 体裁：说明文话题：野营 关键词：camping 短文词数：334 正确率： /5建议时间：7分钟_____________________________________

Camping Tips

Camping offers the quietness of escape. 1 Because exercise and the beauty of nature can help people relax from their busy lifestyles.

Whether you’re in the woods，in the desert，or climbing mountains，you’ll want to keep some survival skills in mind to ensure a safe trip.2 Different terrain carries different challenges. For example，putting up a tent on sand is very different from setting it up on land，and if you don’t have the right equipment，you could find yourself sleeping under the stars on a windy beach.

3 For example，everything from poisonous plants to dangerous wildlife．As you plan your trip，ask an outdoors expert at your local sporting goods store for advice，go online to research where you’ll be going，or find out books in the library.

A day or so before you leave，check local weather forecasts，so you don’t end up in the path of a hurricane，flooding or other natural disasters. 4 Besides，it will also help you know whether to give up the area altogether.

If you hike to your campsite，practice walking with your fully packed backpack to get an idea of how the pack fits. This helps to prevent the case that you are too tired to walk with it. It’s also a good idea to practice walking in the shoes you’ll be wearing.

5 If you’re hiking in far areas with no dustbins，you’ll need to carry out your trash and other things. Make this easier by packing as lightly as you can.

A. Know the camping environment.

B. Taking enough money with you is necessary.

C. Remembering a hiking trip will bring you much pleasure.

D. You’ll also need to be prepared for any possible dangers.

E. Knowing the weather will help you find out how you can prepare.

F. And remember that saying “take only pictures，leave only footprints”.

G. If it’s combined with the exercise of a hiking trip，it’s good for both body and mind.

（原创网址：http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn= chp&lic=48&ps=207&cat_id=20019&article_set=20417）

【篇章图解】露营是一项充满乐趣的旅游活动，出发之前，必须尽可能地想象在野外将会面临的各种境地。为了享受露营所带来的快乐，露营前一定要做好计划和准备工作，准备相应的技能和装备。

【答案与解析】

1. G。由下文“Because exercise and the beauty of nature can help people relax from their busy lifestyles.”可推知，此处是说“如果露营结合运动，那么露营将有益于身心”。故选G项。

2. A。选项A中的关键词“environment”与空白处前后句中的线索词“the woods”“the desert”“mountains”“terrain”一致，尤其是空白处前后句子所体现出来的因果关系，即因为“不同的地形有不同的挑战”，所以“在不同的露营环境下一定要掌握必要的生存技能”。由此可知，此处应选择A项，意为“露营时要了解露营的环境”。

3. D。通过空白处后面句子所举的例子 “例如，从有毒植物到危险的野生动物的一切可能的危险”以及“ask an outdoors expert at your local sporting goods store for advice，go online to research where you’ll be going，or find out books in the library”可知，此处答案应为选项D，说明“露营前要为任何可能的危险做好准备”。

4. E。选项E中的关键词“weather”以及空白处前后句中的线索词“weather forecasts”“hurricane，flooding or other natural disasters”说明，此处答案为选项E，“了解天气状况可以帮助你知道如何做准备”。

5. F。空白处后面的句子“If you’re hiking in far areas with no dustbins（垃圾桶），you’ll need to carry out your trash and other things.”表明“你在遥远的没有垃圾桶的地区徒步旅行时，你要把你的垃圾和其他东西带走”。这句话正好与选项F的意义一致。该选项中的“take only pictures，leave only footprints”意为“只拿走照片，只留下足迹”。

【温馨提示】

terrain n.地形 survival n.生存 poisonous adj.有毒的 dustbin n.垃圾箱

【难句分析】

原文：This helps to prevent the case that you are too tired to walk with it.

译文：（合适的背包）可以防止你到时候太累而不能行走。

分析：这是一个主从复合句。“This helps to prevent the case”是主句；“you are too tired to walk with it”是由that引导的同位语从句，详细说明了先行词“case”的情况。

Passage 3

新鲜度：★★★★☆ 难度：★★☆☆☆ 体裁：说明文话题：纽约文化 关键词：New York 短文词数：400正确率：_/5_建议时间：7分钟_______________________

Things to Keep in Mind before Moving to New York City

1 So，reading up on New York’s history，facts， statistics，facilities，etc.，is always a good idea. Learn about the culture，how to deal with people，taxi drivers，manners，or lack of manners that is exhibited there，and so on. It is always best to know what exactly you are getting into rather than landing there and getting a complete shock.

Before you buy your clothes or shoes，you always try them out first，right? In the same way，before you move to New York，you need to visit it for a couple of days，just so that you can see what the city is like. 2

The best and worst thing about New York is that this city is controlled by money. 3 Then，you need to set aside（留出）an amount for emergencies only. If you are moving to New York with a job，or are planning to get a job once you are in the city，then you need to make sure that your salary covers up all your expenses and the amount that you would set aside for emergencies.

Finding a neighborhood in New York is the key to actually enjoying your stay there. If you are moving to the city due to work，then look for living accommodations close to your workplace. 4 Do you see yourself living in a place that is quiet，like the Upper West Side or East Side，or do you want noisy setups，like the East Village，Lower East Side，or West Village?

Give the city a chance，make some good memories，and enjoy your stay there. Be safe wherever you go，and don’t worry too much. 5

A. To start with，you will need to make a budget.

B. You need to decide what kind of neighborhood you want.

C. Take a tour of the city and try to imagine yourself living there.

D. Once you are in New York，you would never want to leave it.

E. Before you move to any city，it is always best to know a little about the city.

F. The easiest way to survive in New York is to have a friend who knows this city really well.

G. The experience of moving to New York depends on how the city treats you and what you make of the city.

（原创网址：http://www.buzzle.com/articles/things-tokeep-in-mind-before-moving-to-new-york-city.html）

【篇章图解】这是一篇说明文。美国纽约一直是大多数人居住或旅游的首选。而要轻松享受在美国的生活，就需要对纽约文化有所了解！本文主要介绍了去纽约居住之前所应做的准备工作。

【答案与解析】

1. E。空白处后面两句话中的细节信息“history，facts，statistics，facilities...culture，how to deal with people，taxi drivers，manners，or lack of manners”应该说都属于去一个地方之前所应做的准备工作。由此可知文章首句——空白处，应该对文章主体内容进行提示和概括。所以E项“去之前要对这个城市有一些了解”正确。

2. C。此空白处为本段尾句，应对本段内容进行适当总结。空白处前面的句子“In the same way，before you move to New York，you need to visit it for a couple of days”说明你要对这个城市提前有所了解，就要去那里待几天。因此，为更好地了解这个城市，你要到处走走并设想自己在那里居住。故选C项。

3. A。所给的七个选项中只有选项A所包含的关键词语“budget”与本段中的“money”“set aside an amount”“salary”“covers up all your expenses and the amount”等关键线索词在逻辑意义上一致。该选项强调到纽约需要提前做好预算。

4. B。本段第一句是段落主题句，说明选择适当的居住处所（neighborhood）的重要性。空白处前后句中的信息“living accommodations close to your workplace”“a place that is quiet”和“ noisy setups”均与“neighborhood”有关，也涉及“neighborhood”的不同类型。选项B的意义正好与段落主题一致，而且其中的关键词“neighborhood”也与空白处前后的关键线索词吻合。故B项正确。

5. D。“Give the city a chance，make some good memories，and enjoy your stay there.”不仅是本段的主题句，同时也是对全文的总结，对选择在纽约居住进行鼓励和支持。选项D的内容在逻辑上与段落主题一致，并且进一步对选择在纽约居住给予鼓励和支持。

【温馨提示】

budget n.预算 accommodation n.住处，住所

emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件

【难句分析】

原文：If you are moving to New York with a job，or are planning to get a job once you are in the city，then you need to make sure that your salary covers up all your expenses and the amount that you would set aside for emergencies.

译文：如果你因工作要去纽约，或者计划一旦在这个城市里了就找到一份工作的话，你需要确保你的薪水涵盖了所有的费用以及为紧急事件准备的金额。

分析：这是一个复杂的主从复合句。“you need to make sure...”是主句；“your salary covers up all your expenses and the amount that you would set aside for emergencies ”是由that引导的宾语从句，其中“you would set aside for emergencies”是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词“amount”；“If you are moving to New York with a job，or are planning to get a job once you are in the city”是条件状语从句，其中“are moving”和“are planning”是由or连接的并列谓语，“once you are in the city”是条件状语从句，修饰谓语“planning”。

Passage 4

体裁：说明文短文词数：_____________

How to Stop Sleeping in Class?

Sleeping in class prevents you from paying attention to the teacher as well as stops you from learning about the material that is being taught. It can also get you in trouble with your teachers. It is important to determine why you are falling asleep in class and try to change the situation so that you are able to stay awake and pass all of your classes. 1

2 It is reported that teenagers may need more sleep than adults. Go to bed earlier and make sure you get as many hours of sleep as your body needs.This is a key part to staying awake in class. If you are not tired，you are unlikely to fall asleep.

Eat a healthy breakfast full of nutritious foods. 3 If you get hungry or tired in the middle of the day，try eating a healthy snack like a piece of fruit or some biscuits.

Get involved during class. 4 Taking notes，asking questions and otherwise getting involved in classroom activities and discussions will make you far less likely to doze off.

Contact your doctor in order to rule out medical conditions that can cause you to fall asleep. 5 Prescription drugs may also cause sleepiness as a side effect，so discussany medicine you are taking with your doctor.

A. If you are actively engaged in the information the teacher is presenting，you are less likely to doze off.

B. Early to bed，early to rise.

C. Sleeping more helps a lot in your study.

D. Get a full night’s sleep on school nights.

E. It can provide you with enough protein to fuel your body.

F. There are a number of different tricks you can use to try to stay awake.

G. If you have a medical condition that is causing you to fall asleep in class，it will need to be treated by a professional.

（原创网址：http://www.ehow.com/how_8353264_stopsleeping-class.html?ref=Track2&utm_source=ask）

【篇章图解】本文为说明文。课堂上睡觉会妨碍听讲，弄清楚课上睡觉的原因并改变这种状况对学习非常重要。文章就“如何应对上课睡觉以保持头脑清醒”提供了几种有效的方法。

【答案与解析】

1. F。本段主要指出了上课睡觉现象的存在及其负面影响，特别是指明了弄清楚课上睡觉的原因并改变这种状况对学习的重要性。接下来的几个段落重点介绍了克服上课睡觉的几种有效方法。空白处在文章中应该起承上启下的作用。选项F中的“stay awake”与前句中的“stay awake”完全吻合。所以答案为F项。

2. D。空白处后面的几句话主要讲述的是要确保夜晚睡眠时间的问题。所以D项“晚上要有充足的睡眠”正确，点明本段主题。

3. E。选项E中的关键信息词“enough protein”说明该选项与本段主题句“Eat a healthy breakfast full of nutritious foods”联系密切，所表达的意思都与饮食营养有关。故选项E正确。

4. A。“Get involved during class.”是本段主题句，意为“积极参与课堂”。空白处后面一句话中的“taking notes”“asking questions”“getting involved in classroom activities and discussions”等都属于积极参与课堂的具体表现。空白处应填入的句子本质上也应该反映这一主题。所给选项中，只有选项A“如果专注于老师的讲课内容，你就不容易打瞌睡”符合段落主旨。

5. G。选项G中的关键信息词“medical conditions”与空白处前后句中的“medical conditions”和“prescription drugs”在逻辑意义上一致。由此可判断G项为最佳选项。

【温馨提示】

nutritious adj.有营养成分的 prescription n.处方，药方

rule out排除，取消 doze off瞌睡

【难句分析】

原文：It is important to determine why you are falling asleep in class and try to change the situation so that you are able to stay awake and pass all of your classes.

译文：为了上课期间时刻都能够保持头脑清醒，弄清楚课上睡觉的原因并改变这种状况对学习非常重要。

分析：这是一个复杂的主从复合句。主句“It is important to determine...”是一个it句型，it作形式主语，两个并列的不定式短语“to determine...try to change the situation”是真正的主语。由连接词why引导的从句“you are falling asleep in class”作不定式动词“determine”的宾语。 “so that you are able to stay awake and pass...”是目的状语从句。

Passage 5

新鲜度：★★★★☆ 难度：★★☆☆☆ 体裁：说明文话题：核电站 关键词：nuclear power plants短文词数：332__ 正确率：_/5_建议时间：7分_________钟____

Ways That Nuclear Plants Affect Water Pollution

Nowadays，there’s much debate about nuclear power plants and their environmental side effects. Water pollution is one way these plants destroy the environment. 1

Water Discharges

Water pollutants such as heavy metals gather in the water systems in nuclear power plants. These pollutants can pollute lakes and rivers. This can be harmful on the life growing in the water and the quality of the water. 2

Water Runoff

Nuclear reactors are radioactive，but water poured from the plant isn’t considered to be radioactive because it doesn’t come into contact with such materials. 3 The pollution of groundwater will eventually make its way into the watersystem，which can cause problems with water quality and harm those that drink it.

Construction

One way in which nuclear power plants affect water pollution，as well as the habitats of animals，is by construction. When nuclear power plants are built，a large amount of land must be cleared. 4 Besides，the construction of a nuclear plant has the possibility to pollute the nearby land and water so that it may become unfriendly to future plant and animal life.

Radioactive Waste

All nuclear power plants in the United States produce about 2 200 metric tons of radioactive waste per year. Currently，this waste is stored in steel drums. 5 This was the case in Fukushima，Japan，in April 2011，after an earthquake caused damage to the nuclear plant. Highly radioactive chemicals began to leak out of the plant’s drums into the sea，polluting the waters.

A. They must remove the waste.

B. However，these drums have the possibility to leak.

C. It can also be harmful if this water is drunk by humans.

D. Nuclear energy is created by splitting uranium atoms.

E. They are capable of polluting water by various means.

F. This could include removing trees，and building near lakes and rivers.

G. However，rainwater runoff that does come into contact with the reactors can pollute the groundwater.

（原创网址：http://www.ehow.com/info_8488811_waysplants-affect-water-pollution.html）

【篇章图解】本文为说明文。核电站和其他燃煤燃油的发电厂一样，也要向环境排放废气、废水、废渣。目前对核电站及其对环境的负面影响有很多争论，核污染，尤其是因核电站引起的水污染问题越来越引起人们的重视。

【答案与解析】

1. E。本文探讨核电站对环境的影响，由空白处前面的一句话可知，下文应该是对核电站引起的水污染进行分析。所以本空白处属于承上启下句，引出下文水污染的一些具体表现。选项E中的关键词“various means”与空白处前面句子中的关键线索词“Water pollution is one way”在逻辑意义上是一致的。故选E项。

2. C。选项C中的指示代词it与空白处前面一句话中的指示代词this在逻辑上一致。故选C项。

3. G。选项G中的关键词“runoff”“come into contact with”和“groundwater”与段落小标题和空白处前后句中的线索词“runoff”“come into contact with”和“the groundwater”在逻辑上一致。故G项为最佳选项。

4. F。F项的内容与本段第一句中的“construction”相关，且F项中的“清除树林，修建河湖”与空白处前面句子中的 “a large amount of land must be cleared”相呼应，由此可确定F项为最佳选项。

5. B。空白处前面一句话说明“目前，这种垃圾储存在钢筒中”。选项B意为“然而，这些钢筒有泄漏的可能”，其中的关键词“these drums”和“leak”与空白处前后句中的“drums”和“leak” 相呼应，由此可确定B项为最佳选项。

【温馨提示】

discharge n.排出；流出 runoff n. 流走之物 leak vi.泄漏 uranium n.（化）铀 radioactive adj.放射性的

【难句分析】

原文：This was the case in Fukushima，Japan，in April 2011，after an earthquake caused damage to the nuclear plant.

译文：这就是2011年4月一场地震给日本福岛核电站造成破坏后所遇到的情况。

分析：这是一个主从复合句。“This was the case in Fukushima，Japan，in April 2011”是主句，“after an earthquake caused damage to the nuclear plant”是时间状语从句。

（此文系南阳市教育科学“十三五”规划2016年度立项课题《高中生英语写作能力提升策略与途径应用研究》〈主持人：庞先庆〉的阶段读写结合性基础研究成果）

（作者单位：河南省镇平县雪枫中学）