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惰性淋巴瘤非化疗药物的治疗现状及进展

2016-04-08宋腾综述王华庆审校

中国肿瘤临床 2016年5期
关键词:惰性单药淋巴瘤

宋腾综述 王华庆审校



惰性淋巴瘤非化疗药物的治疗现状及进展

宋腾①综述王华庆②审校

摘要惰性B细胞淋巴瘤是一类生长缓慢的淋巴系统肿瘤,主要包括滤泡性淋巴瘤(follicular lymphoma,FL)、慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)/小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤(small lymphocytic lymphoma,SLL)、华氏巨球蛋白血症(waldenstom mac⁃roglobulinemia,WM)、边缘区淋巴瘤(marginal zone lymphoma,MZL)以及低度恶性的套细胞淋巴瘤(low malignant mantle cell lym⁃phoma,MCL)等,对化疗及免疫治疗敏感,但无法治愈。患者发病年龄、首次发病及再次复发时间、并发症等均可影响化疗疗效。当前,在惰性淋巴瘤信号转导通路及抗肿瘤免疫反应等方面,尤其是非细胞毒药物研究的突破,支持了“非化疗”理念的发展。本文将介绍抗CD20抗体与免疫调节剂、其他表面抗原单抗、PD-1受体抑制剂或B细胞受体信号通路抑制剂等药物的应用。后继的Ⅲ期临床研究将进一步评估这些药物在无化疗背景下的疗效,明确其治疗价值。

关键词惰性淋巴瘤非化疗分子靶向治疗免疫治疗

Advances and the current status in chemotherapy-free management for indolent lymphomas

Teng SONG1,Huaqing WANG2
Correspondence to:Huaqing WANG;E-mail:Huaqingw@163.com
1Department of Lymphoma,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China;2Department of Oncology,Tianjin Union Medicine Center,Tianjin 300121,China

Abstract Indolent B-cell lymphomas constitute a slow growing cancer of the lymphatic system.These lymphomas mainly include follicular lymphoma,chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma,Waldenstom macroglobulinemia,marginal zone lymphoma,and low malignant mantle cell lymphoma.These lymphomas are sensitive to chemotherapy and/or immunochemotherapy,but they cannot be cured.Furthermore,patient age at diagnosis,patient age at time of first onset or subsequent relapses,and complications often influence the chemotherapy curative effect.At present,recent progress has been achieved in our understanding of dysregulated pathways and immunologic anti-tumor responses in indolent lymphoma.In particular,the breakthrough of non-cytotoxic drugs renders "chemo-free" treatment a near-future reality.In this review,we highlight these promising approaches,such as the combination of anti-CD20 antibodies with immunomodulatory drugs,mAbs directed against other surface antigens,and programmed cell death 1(PD-1)receptor inhibitor or B-cell receptor signaling pathway inhibitors.Future phase III studies will evaluate the efficacy of these drugs in the context of non-chemotherapy and further clarify treatment status.

Keywords:indolent lymphoma,chemotherapy-free,targeted therapy,immunotherapy

抗CD20单克隆抗体利妥昔单抗(rituximab,美罗华)彻底改变了惰性B细胞淋巴瘤的治疗模式,与传统化疗相比,利妥昔单抗联合化疗可显著改善患者的近期缓解率,延长无进展生存、无病生存及总生存[1]。然而,免疫治疗的近期和远期毒性也备受关注,骨髓抑制是常见的近期毒性,可增加患者的感染风险,而继发肿瘤为主要的远期毒性。对于惰性淋巴瘤,最近的研究显示新药单药或联合应用可取得相同或更高的疗效,同时可避免上述不良反应。本综述对抗CD20单抗单药或联合其他新药对于传统治疗的优势进行了介绍。

1抗CD20单抗单药治疗

1.1利妥昔单抗

利妥昔单抗是靶向CD20抗原的重组嵌合型单克隆抗体,通过介导补体和抗体依赖的细胞毒作用(CDC和ADCC)诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。多项研究证实单药对复发难治惰性B细胞淋巴瘤有效率45%~55%,不良反应轻微,大多仅限于输液相关反应(infu⁃sion related reaction,IRR)[2]。此外,利妥昔单抗单药在一线治疗方面也有较好的疗效,总有效率(overall response rati,ORR)高达70%~75%,治疗失败时间(time to failure,TTF)可延长至2年[3]。最近研究表明与观察等待相比,惰性淋巴瘤一线治疗后利妥昔单抗维持治疗可明显延长患者无进展生存(PFS),但总生存(OS)未见明显获益[4]。

1.2其他抗CD20单抗

ofatumumab是一种全人源化抗CD20单抗,已批准用于治疗氟达拉滨和阿仑单抗无效的CLL。一项Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究评估了ofatumumab对40例复发难治FL患者的疗效,1 000 mg剂量组ORR为60%,疗效较显著[5]。Czuczman等[6]评估了该药对116例利妥昔单抗耐药的FL患者的疗效,ORR为11%,中位有效持续时间为6个月,耐受性良好,首次输注时1/2级IRR较多见。

obinutuzumab(GA101)为第二代Ⅱ型抗CD20单抗,与第一代药物相比,具有更强的直接诱导细胞凋亡和ADCC作用。目前,GA101已被FDA批准联合苯丁酸氮芥一线治疗CLL。Ⅰ期试验尚未发现剂量限制性毒性,主要以1/2级IRR多见[7]。一项Ⅱ期研究证实了GA101在复治惰性淋巴瘤中的优势,对利妥昔单抗耐药患者有效率为55%,中位PFS为11.3个月[8]。GAUSS研究头对头比较了GA101和rituximab治疗惰性B细胞淋巴瘤的效果,GA101组缓解率更高(43% vs.28%),但PFS无差异[9]。

veltuzumab为另一种第二代人源化抗CD20单抗,互补决定区中除CDR3重链可变区上第101位天冬氨酸取代天冬酰胺外,其余序列与利妥昔单抗一致[10]。Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究显示,veltuzumab在复治FL中有效率较高,耐受良好,经皮下或静脉注射生物利用度高[11]。

综上,利妥昔单抗仍是FDA批准用于治疗复发滤泡淋巴瘤的唯一抗CD20单抗,既可单药也可联合化疗用于一线或二线治疗。新一代抗CD20单抗与利妥昔单抗头对头的比较研究仍在进行中。

2修饰性单抗

修饰性单抗如放射性标记的抗体或抗体偶联药物,在惰性淋巴瘤治疗中也有一定作用。抗体偶联药物是抗体通过偶联子与细胞毒性药物的联合,利用抗体的靶向作用将细胞毒药物递送到肿瘤细胞中,降低了药物不良反应,目前仍在研究之中。放射免疫治疗也是一种行之有效的“非化疗”策略。131I标记的单抗(131I-tositumomab)和90Y标记的单抗(90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan)在复发难治甚至初治惰性淋巴瘤中获得了理想的效果。Kaminski等[12]报道131I-tosi⁃tumomab一线治疗可提高FL的总有效率。Witzig等[13]比较了90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan与rituximab治疗复治惰性B细胞淋巴瘤的疗效,放射免疫组疾病缓解时间明显延长,但疾病进展时间无明显差异。

3作用于其他位点的单抗

CD22可高表达于B细胞表面,依帕珠单抗(epratuzumab)是一种人源化抗CD22单抗,Leonard等[14]研究显示其对复发难治惰性非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)有效率为18%。CALGB50701研究[15]采用epratuzumab联合rituximab方案治疗初治FL,有效率为88%,完全缓解率(CR)为42%,持续缓解时间也有所延长,60%患者3年后仍处于缓解状态。

其他单克隆抗体处于早期研究阶段,如抗CD37 (otlertuzumab)和抗CD74(milatuzumab)单抗。2014年美国血液学年会报道了otlertuzumab单药治疗CLL的Ⅰ期临床研究,耐受性良好[16]。一项Ⅰ期研究报道了抗CD74单抗治疗多发性骨髓瘤(MM)的初步结果,milatuzumab在8 mg/m2组未出现剂量限制性毒性及其他副作用,安全性较高[17]。Christian等[18]的Ⅰ期研究采用milatuzumab联合veltuzumab方案治疗复发难治NHL(包括惰性和侵袭性淋巴瘤),总有效率为22%,耐受性良好。

4免疫调节治疗

大多数单克隆抗体主要靶向于肿瘤细胞表面的特异性抗原,并介导CDC和ADCC作用诱导细胞凋亡。目前,越来越多的新型单抗通过调节机体抗肿瘤免疫反应发挥作用。

程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)属于B7家族,与T细胞表面的程序性死亡受体(PD-1)相互作用负性调节免疫应答,诱导肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞凋亡,使肿瘤细胞逃避免疫监控。PD-1抑制剂可抑制PD-1/PD-L1通路,已成为肿瘤免疫治疗的新热点。Westin等[19]报道了PD-1抑制剂(pidilizumab)联合rituximab治疗复发难治FL的结果,ORR为66%(19/29),CR为52% (15/29),中位PFS为18.8个月,疗效显著。其他PD-1抑制剂,如nivolumab和lambrolizumab(MK-3475),在多发性骨髓瘤中的作用已被证实,其对惰性淋巴瘤的治疗也在研究中。

其他免疫调节通路,如CD47、CD137或免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)等,未来也可能成为“非化疗”的研究方向。CD47高表达于NHL肿瘤细胞表面,通过激活巨噬细胞和树突状细胞表面信号调节蛋白α的表达抑制吞噬作用。研究发现,将抗CD47抗体与ritux⁃imab联合可增强Fc受体依赖及非依赖性的吞噬作用,延长人类淋巴瘤小鼠的生存[20]。目前,抗CD47单抗的Ⅰ期研究已在晚期实体瘤中开展,血液肿瘤方面还未进行。自然杀伤细胞与CD20(+)NHL肿瘤细胞结合时,CD137可高度表达。抗CD137抗体可促进由单克隆抗体激活的NK细胞释放,增强ADCC,发挥抗肿瘤效应[21]。MHCⅠ类抗原主要表达于淋巴瘤细胞表面,与KIR相互作用可降低NK细胞的抗肿瘤作用。抗KIR单抗(lirilumab)可抑制上述通路,增强NK细胞的功能,发挥抗肿瘤作用。在骨髓瘤、急性白血病和实体瘤中抗KIR单抗的研究也在进行中,在淋巴瘤方面,临床前数据也显出较好的结果[22]。

5免疫调剂药物

免疫调剂药物(IMiD)如沙利度胺、来那度胺,在多发性骨髓瘤中获得成功,目前也应用于惰性淋巴瘤的治疗。惰性淋巴瘤中肿瘤浸润T细胞与肿瘤细胞接触时无法形成免疫突触,不能杀伤肿瘤细胞,而IMiD可以克服此缺陷。

Witzig等[23]的Ⅱ期研究采用来那度胺单药治疗复发难治惰性NHL,ORR为23%,CR为7%,中位疾病缓解时间明显延长(至少16.5个月),3/4级不良反应主要为白细胞减少和血小板减少。多项研究证实来那度胺联合利妥昔单抗疗效更高,总有效率为49%~86%,对于FL 3级有效率为25%[24-26]。Leonard等[26]比较了来那度胺单药与联合利妥昔单抗的疗效,最新结果显示与单药相比,联合方案更加有效(ORR 75% vs.49%),无病生存时间也显著延长(2.0 年vs.1.2年,P=0.006)。

该联合方案也可用于初治患者。Fowler等[27]入组了110例初治晚期患者,包括SLL 30例,FL 50例,MCL 30例,联合方案有效率高达90%,其中FL患者为98%(CR/CRu为87%)。PCR检测显示几乎所有FL患者达到分子水平缓解,复查45例治疗前行PET扫描的患者,42例(93%)达到缓解状态。该方案的有效性及安全性仍需进一步证实。瑞士和北欧淋巴瘤组的研究(NCT01307605)将在晚期FL患者中比较8个周期美罗华(1~4和12~15周)与美罗华联合来那度胺的疗效。美国淋巴瘤研究组将比较来那度胺诱导治疗后美罗华2年维持治疗与联合方案的疗效(NCT01650701),结果值得期待。

6其他靶点的治疗

ibrutinib是一种口服、高选择性的Bruton's酪氨酸激酶(BTK)抑制剂。2013年,FDA批准ibrutinib用于治疗复发难治MCL及WM。Ⅰ期剂量爬坡试验未获得ibrutinib的最大耐受剂量,37.5%(6/16)的FL、75%(3/4)的WM及25%(1/4)MCL患者获得治疗反应[28]。FLR2002Ⅱ期研究[29]将评估ibrutinib在110例复发难治FL中的疗效。ibrutinib联合rituximab或lenalidomide的研究(NCT01980654,NCT01829568)也在招募之中,结果值得等待。

idelalisib是首个口服、选择性的磷酸肌醇3-激酶δ(PI3Kδ)抑制剂。FDA批准了idelalisib的适应证:联合利妥昔单抗治疗复发CLL及单药治疗复发FL。Ⅰ期临床显示,idelalisib安全性较高,不良反应少,对惰性淋巴瘤有效率为47%[30]。一项单臂、多中心的Ⅱ期研究入组了125例惰性NHL,包括FL 72例,SLL 28例,WM 10例,MZL 13例,采用idelalisib单药治疗。结果显示ORR为57%,其中CR 6%,中位应答时间12.5个月,中位PFS 11个月[31]。

7其他药物

近期研究发现,蛋白酶体抑制剂(如硼替佐米)单药或联合美罗华对惰性淋巴瘤也有一定效果。一项Ⅲ期研究显示,硼替佐米联合美罗华可显著延长美罗华耐药FL患者的PFS,具有较好的疗效[32]。Ng等[33]的Ⅰ期研究发现,Bcl-2抑制剂ABT/GDC-199对13例FL患者有效率为28%,4例WM有效率为75%,3 例MZL有效率为67%。Bcl-2抑制剂单药或联合使用也可成为惰性淋巴瘤“非化疗”的新的研究方向。

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(2015-11-22收稿)

(2016-01-28修回)

(编辑:郑莉校对:武斌)

宋腾专业方向为肿瘤内科治疗及恶性淋巴瘤的诊疗与基础研究。

E-mail:songteng2013@163.com

·综述·

作者简介

通信作者:王华庆Huaqingw@163.com

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.05.315

作者单位:①天津医科大学肿瘤医院淋巴瘤科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室(天津市300060);②天津市人民医院肿瘤诊治中心

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