阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与房性心律失常关系的研究进展
2016-04-05曹海明毛思颖丁春华
曹海明 毛思颖 丁春华
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与房性心律失常关系的研究进展
曹海明毛思颖丁春华
[摘要]阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)是一类常见的疾病,目前认为该病是多种心血管疾病的危险因素,近年来日益受到重视。OSA可通过气道阻塞改变胸腔负压,或因呼吸暂停造成缺氧,继发神经、体液炎症因子改变等方式直接或间接影响心房,与房性心律失常如房早、房颤的发生密切相关。本文主要从临床研究、病理生理机制和治疗三方面对OSA与房性心律失常的关系进行综述。
[关键词]阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停;房性心律失常;房颤
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)是由于睡眠期间反复的上气道阻塞而导致的低通气(睡眠时气流减低)或呼吸暂停(睡眠时完全气流停止)[1]。著名的Wisconsin队列研究[2]提示OSA在30~60岁的人群中,男性患病率为9%~24%,女性为4%~9%。而最近的研究[3]则提示患病率在男性中为9%,而在女性中为4%;大型社区调查提示男女患病率之比为(2~3)∶1,男性患病率较高可能和雄性激素有关[4];中国人群中预测患病率是4.1%[4]。可见OSA因其普遍性,逐渐成为一个应引起重视的公共健康问题。
OSA患者常表现为打鼾,或有旁人观察到的呼吸停止,或是因窒息感而骤然醒来,以及过度睡眠。其他常见症状包括不能在睡眠后恢复精力、难以入睡、疲劳以及晨起头痛[5]。OSA患者存在气体交换障碍,可能会导致氧饱和度下降、高碳酸血症和睡眠片段化。长期下来,这会引起一些不良结果,如心血管、代谢性和神经认知方面的疾病;尤其是心血管方面,已知OSA与高血压、心肌梗死、心力衰竭的发生相关[6-7]。除此以外,最近的研究[8]还表明,OSA与房性心律失常,尤其是房颤有密切的关系。
1OSA与各类房性心律失常
1.1OSA与房早
Kawano等[9]利用多导睡眠监测和24 h动态心电图对431例临床疑似OSA患者进行研究,按照呼吸紊乱指数(apnea hyponea index,AHI)的大小用四分位法把患者按严重程度分为4组,发现最高四分位组,即严重OSA可显著提高房早的发生率,尤其是在睡眠时段。而最近Linz等[10]的研究发现,在房颤电复律的患者群体中,存在呼吸道阻塞性疾病的患者其房性早搏发生率明显升高,而在睡眠时插入鼻咽通气管纠正的患者,房早的发生率能降低79%。同时,该研究认为睡眠呼吸暂停不仅使房早发生率升高,也会导致房颤的发生率升高,这在动物实验中也得到了证实,其机制被认为与交感-迷走失衡有关。
1.2OSA与房颤
在美国进行的一项著名的队列研究(Sleep Heart Health Study)[11]将228例睡眠呼吸紊乱患者与338例正常者对照,发现严重OSA患者发生复杂心律失常的风险是正常者的2~4倍,尤其是房颤。而Gami等[12]观察到OSA与房颤直接相关,认为夜间氧饱和度下降是新发房颤的强预测因子。近年来,加拿大学者Qaddoura等[13]对5项前瞻性队列研究中共计642例患者进行Meta分析后发现:OSA与冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后房颤复发风险升高相关(OR=1.86;95%CI1.24~2.80)。此外,越来越多的证据显示OSA伴房颤的患者在射频消融治疗后,更难长时间维持窦律。Szymanski等[14]发现OSA患者房颤消融术后复发率显著高于非OSA患者(65.2%vs. 45.6%,P=0.001)。此外,未经治疗的OSA患者在房颤电复律后房颤复发风险升高,而OSA对房颤复发的不利作用不限于电复律干预方面[15]。同时,重度OSA患者对抗心律失常药物的反应率显著低于轻度OSA患者(39%vs. 70%,P=0.02)[16]。此外,2014年AHA/ACC/HRS的房颤管理指南已把OSA列为房颤的临床危险因素之一[17]。
1.3OSA与房扑
虽然没有OSA与房扑发生直接相关的证据,但OSA与房扑射频消融后发生房颤的风险升高相关,应采用持续正压通气(CPAP)予以治疗,可降低房扑射频消融术后房颤的发生率[18]。另一方面,伴有OSA的房扑患者对抗心律失常药物治疗的反应性也较不伴OSA的房扑患者差,且与OSA的严重程度相关[16]。
1.4OSA与房内阻滞
Can等[19]研究发现,OSA可显著延长P波时限和离散度,这些指标与OSA的严重程度呈正相关。Baranchuk等[20]研究发现中重度OSA患者左右心房间房内阻滞(P波时限>120 ms)的发生率比无OSA者显著升高(34.7%vs. 0),再一次证实了最大P波时限与OSA的严重程度呈正相关,说明OSA与房内阻滞有关。
2OSA与发生房性心律失常的病理生理机制
2.1气道阻塞导致胸腔内负压增大
平静呼气末胸膜腔内压约为-5~-3 mmHg,吸气末约为-10~-5 mmHg。关闭声门,用力吸气,胸膜腔内压可降至-90 mmHg;用力呼气时,可升高到110 mmHg。吸气时气道阻塞会导致胸腔内压大幅度波动,造成心脏跨壁压力改变,也会导致心房受到的伸张力增大。而在OSA患者中可观察到气道内负压下降至-75~-60 mmHg[21]。Orban等[22]研究了胸腔内负压对健康人左房和心室的影响:使用Mueller动作(即关闭声门用力吸气,与Valsalva动作相反)令胸腔内负压增大,发现此时左心房容量显著增大,从(12.9±3.4) mL/m2增大到(17.9±4.1) mL/m2(P<0.000 1);而OSA时胸腔负压增大对心房产生的牵拉作用有利于诱发房性心律失常。胸腔内负压过度增大使心房和肺静脉受到的伸张力增大,使L型钙通道和瞬时受体电位通道(TRP)被激活,导致细胞钙内流增大,触发异位起搏,从而形成房性心律失常发生的基础[8]。
2.2OSA引起左室功能障碍
经多项研究证实,OSA是心脏舒张功能障碍的预测因子。OSA的严重性与舒张功能障碍程度呈正相关(E/A异常,早期和晚期二尖瓣血流异常)[23]。OSA因缺氧产生的肺动脉高压,可使室间隔在舒张期左向运动,左室充盈障碍,从而进一步导致不良的血流动力学改变,引起左房压力和大小增加,而这也是房性心律失常发生率升高的原因。
2.3促炎状态
OSA促炎状态也可引起异常电重构。OSA患者血浆C反应蛋白(CRP)与对照组相比明显升高(中位数0.33 mg/Lvs.0.09 mg/L)[24]。而CRP升高已被证实是新发房颤和复律后房颤复发的重要预测因子[25-26]。除CRP外,OSA患者中ICAM、TNF-α、MCP-1等炎症细胞因子都明显升高[27]。而应用下颌矫治器改善通气后可反过来降低炎症标志物CRP水平[28]。此外,一些新的炎症指数,如中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值也能有效反映OSA的严重程度,而且更简便[29]。
2.4OSA与自主神经功能紊乱
OSA引起的低氧、高二氧化碳、肺失膨胀,会激活交感神经系统。肌电记录提示交感神经活性增强,可通过增加钙内流引起异位起搏点自律性升高[8]。交感神经系统通过增加Ik外流,缩短动作电位,导致有效不应期缩短,使房性心律失常发生率升高。这种交感神经节律改变可直接引发肺静脉开口的心律失常(原因是神经节靠近肺静脉)[30]。
3OSA积极管理的临床意义
根据我国阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊治指南[31],目前OSA的治疗手段主要包括,① 病因治疗:纠正引起OSA或使之加重的基础疾病;② 一般性治疗:饮食控制、加强锻炼以减肥;③ 戒烟、戒酒、慎用镇静催眠药物;④ 侧卧位睡眠;⑤ 无创气道正压通气治疗(CPAP);⑥ 口腔矫治:主要针对单纯鼾症和轻中度OSA患者,特别是下颌后缩患者;⑦ 外科治疗。其中CPAP治疗是无创、简便的干预手段,是用面罩将持续的正压气流送入气道,用此种方式给氧的机器称为CPAP呼吸机。在自主呼吸条件下,患者应有稳定的呼吸驱动力和适当潮气量,在整个呼吸周期内人为地施以一定程度的气道内正压,从而有利于防止气道塌陷,增加功能残气量,改善肺顺应性并提高氧合作用。2010年日本一项研究[32]发现对OSA患者进行CPAP治疗可显著降低阵发性房颤的发生率。OSA患者接受CPAP治疗后,房颤进展为持续性房颤的可能性较那些未治疗的OSA伴房颤患者减小[33]。这可能与CPAP治疗能降低促炎标志物(IL-6和CRP)、氧化应激标志物(NO)和基质金属蛋白酶水平,并且可通过减少因频繁缺氧引起的自主神经和结构异常改变有关[30]。后来根据Li等[34]的Meta分析结果,OSA患者较非OSA患者有高31%的消融后房颤复发风险(RR=1.31)。对那些未经CPAP治疗的OSA患者,房颤复发风险较非OSA患者高57%,而那些经CPAP治疗的OSA患者,房颤复发风险与非OSA患者相似(RR=1.25)。最近, Qureshi等[35]的Meta分析也证实了以上观点,同时,发现应用CPAP治疗OSA伴房颤患者,年轻、肥胖和男性患者获益更大。
OSA可导致多种房性心律失常,尤其导致房颤发生风险增大,且会使房颤射频消融术后复发风险增大。而CPAP治疗可降低房颤射频消融术后复发风险。OSA增大房性心律失常风险的病理生理机制包括胸腔内负压增大、左室舒张功能异常导致左房增大、促炎状态、自主神经节律异常等。因此,及早对OSA进行积极的治疗有助于预防和辅助治疗各类房性心律失常。
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Research progress in the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and atrial arrhythmia
CaoHai-ming1,MaoSi-ying1,DingChun-hua2
(1. The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510405; 2. Arrhythmia Center, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Guangdong 501006, China)
[Abstract]Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA), a common disease, is regarded as a risk factor of various cardiovascular diseases and paid more attention recently. OSA can impact on atria directly or indirectly by altering intrathoracic negative pressure via airway obstruction, or causing secondary changes of nervous system and humoral inflammatory factors after aspnea-induced hypoxia. It is closely related to the incidence of atrial arrhythmia such as atrial premature beats and atrial fibrillation. This paper reviews the relationship between OSA and atrial arrhythmia from the three aspects of clinical research, pathophysiologic mechanism and treatment.
[Key words]obstructive sleep apnea; atrial arrhythmia; atrial fibrillation
作者简介:曹海明,硕士研究生在读,主要从事心律失常的研究。通信作者: 丁春华,E-mail:Dingmd@gmail.com
[中图分类号]R563.8;R541.7
[文献标志码]A
[文章编号]2095-9354(2016)02-0142-04
DOI:10.13308/j.issn.2095-9354.2016.02.017
(收稿日期:2016-02-20)(本文编辑:李政萍)