芬太尼和瑞芬太尼对老年患者依托咪酯肌阵挛的预防作用
2016-03-19谢宇飞宋丹丹刘国利
谢宇飞,宋丹丹,周 锦,刘国利
1.沈阳军区总医院麻醉科,沈阳 110016;辽宁医学院附属第一医院麻醉科,辽宁 锦州 121001
芬太尼和瑞芬太尼对老年患者依托咪酯肌阵挛的预防作用
谢宇飞1,宋丹丹1,周锦1,刘国利2
1.沈阳军区总医院麻醉科,沈阳 110016;辽宁医学院附属第一医院麻醉科,辽宁 锦州 121001
[摘要]目的研究芬太尼和瑞芬太尼预处理在老年患者依托咪酯气管插管全麻诱导中对肌阵挛发生及血流动力学参数剧烈波动的预防作用。方法选取择期行全麻气管插管手术患者90例,年龄>65岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,按随机数字法分为芬太尼组(F组)、瑞芬太尼组(R组)和生理盐水组(C组),每组30例。麻醉诱导开始静脉注射0.2 mg/kg依托咪酯前,C组注射生理盐水10 mL,F组注射芬太尼3.0 μg/kg,R组给予瑞芬太尼2.0 μg/kg,注射时间至少30 s,随后R组0.3 μg/(kg·min)持续泵注,记录肌阵挛的发生情况和严重程度。待患者意识消失,睫毛反射消失,BIS值低于50,注射顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg后2 min进行气管插管。记录基础值(T0)、诱导即刻(T1)、插管即刻(T2)及插管后1 min (T3)、3 min (T4)的MAP、HR。结果F组、R组及C组的肌阵挛发生率分别为10%、3.3%、50%。F组、R组发生肌阵挛的频率和严重程度均显著低于C组(P<0.05),而F组与R组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。气管插管后,R组血流动力学的稳定性优于其他两组(P<0.05)。结论3.0 μg/kg芬太尼和2.0 μg/kg瑞芬太尼均可降低老年患者依托咪酯全麻诱导期引起的肌阵挛发生率和严重程度,而2.0 μg/kg瑞芬太尼预处理在麻醉诱导期可起到更好的血流动力学作用。
[关键词]芬太尼;瑞芬太尼;依托咪酯;肌阵挛;老年患者
0引言
1材料与方法
1.1一般资料经我院伦理委员会批准,选取拟行择期全麻手术患者90例,年龄均>65岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,排除有帕金森病、舞蹈病、癫疒间、脑出血、脑卒中等中枢及外周可引起躯体不自主运动疾病的患者,排除未经控制的高血压患者。
1.2麻醉方法所有患者术前禁食12 h、禁水8 h,不用术前药以避免药物的相互作用。入室后开放静脉,监测ECG、SpO2、BP、BIS、ETCO2、RR。面罩去氮给氧2~3 min,待各项生命体征平稳后记录基础值。生理盐水(C组)注射生理盐水10 mL缓慢静推;芬太尼组(F组)静脉注射芬太尼3.0 μg/kg,推注时间>30 s;瑞芬太尼组(R组)静脉注射瑞芬太尼2.0 μg/kg,推注时间>30 s。随后缓慢注射依托咪酯0.2 mg/kg,观察并记录肌阵挛的发生情况和严重程度,待患者意识消失、睫毛反射消失、BIS值低于50后,注射顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg,2 min后进行气管插管。调整七氟醚控制麻醉深度,BIS值40~60,ETCO225~35 mmHg。一旦发生肌阵挛,记录肌阵挛发生情况和严重程度分级。记录基础值(T0)、诱导即刻(T1)、插管即刻(T2)及插管后1 min (T3)、3 min (T4)的MBP、HR。
1.3观察项目观察肌阵挛发生的频率和严重程度分级。肌阵挛的严重程度分级:0级,无肌阵挛发生;1级,轻度肌阵挛,肢体某一部分微小的运动,如1个手指或肩膀的运动;2级,中度肌阵挛,2块不同的肌肉或肌肉群的轻微运动,如脸或腿;3级,重度肌阵挛,2块或更多肌肉的强烈挛缩,如肢体的快速外展。
2结果
2.1一般资料三组患者一般资料比较差异无统计学意义。见表1。
表1 三组患者一般资料比较
2.2肌阵挛情况三组患者肌阵挛的发生情况比较见表2。由表2可见,在全麻诱导期间,F组、R组肌阵挛的发生率和严重程度均明显低于C组(P<0.05),而F组与R组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
表2 三组患者肌阵挛的发生情况比较(例)
注:与C组比较,*P<0.05
2.3血流动力学三组患者血流动力学比较见表3。F组、R组在T1~T4的MAP、HR低于C组,R组在T3~T4的MAP、HR低于C组、F组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
表3 三组患者各时间点MAP、HR比较
注:与C组比较,*P<0.05;与F组比较,#P<0.05
3讨论
依托咪酯是咪唑类衍生物,为短效、速效的静脉麻醉药,在诱导期间对循环、呼吸系统影响轻微,对危重患者、心血管疾病患者、高血压患者、老年患者是较为理想的静脉麻醉诱导剂。有研究表明,对老年患者行监测麻醉,与丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼比较,依托咪酯联合瑞芬太尼能提供更适宜的镇痛、镇静及更稳定的血流动力学,且不良反应的发生率更低[3]。但由于依托咪酯不能抑制气管插管刺激交感神经反射而引起的血流动力学的改变,且其不良反应-肌阵挛的发生更增加了颅高压、眼高压、高血压、动脉瘤、低心脏储备等患者的危险性,增加了全身耗氧量、术后恶心呕吐、术后肌痛的发生而使其临床应用有一定的顾虑。
依托咪酯在麻醉诱导期引起的肌阵挛可能与脑干或大脑深层结构的活动有关[4]。有研究表明,阿片类药物与镇静药合用时,在较高的BIS值下就能产生意识消失的作用,表明阿片类药物与镇静药有协同作用,可增强镇静药物的催眠作用[5],可能也同时抑制了由中枢神经系统改变导致的肌阵挛。镇静剂量的依托咪酯常导致肌阵挛,但其镇静深度不受影响[6]。有报道,芬太尼联合咪达唑仑进行预处理,可以有效抑制肌阵挛的发生[7]。依托咪酯和瑞芬太尼均为短效药,适合采用静脉持续泵注给药的方式,延长给药时间,显著降低肌阵挛的发生率,而与瑞芬太尼联合泵注可以进一步降低肌阵挛的发生率[8]。总之,减慢给药速度可明显降低依托咪酯致肌阵挛的发生率,联合使用瑞芬太尼后此发生率进一步降低,其作用机制尚待进一步研究。本研究中,生理盐水组、芬太尼组、瑞芬太尼组肌阵挛的发生率分别为50%、10%、3.3%,与其他研究相比,生理盐水组肌阵挛较低,这可能是由于本研究中均纳入老年患者,药物剂量酌情减少的缘故。
依托咪酯不降低心肌收缩力和β2受体的敏感性[9],因此在麻醉诱导期间具有稳定的血流动力学。阿片类药物可以有效抑制气管插管或置入喉罩引起的心血管反应和交感神经兴奋,在麻醉诱导前注射6 μg/kg芬太尼可以有效抑制气管插管引起的血流动力学改变,弥补依托咪酯不能抑制插管引起交感神经兴奋的不足,使全麻诱导期获得更稳定的血流动力学。Kelsaka等[10]以1 μg/kg瑞芬太尼进行预处理降低依托咪酯注射导致的肌阵挛,并无窒息、恶心、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应,且围麻醉诱导期血流动力学更平稳。本研究结果显示,缓慢注射芬太尼和瑞芬太尼均可获得稳定的诱导期血流动力学,且瑞芬太尼在插管期间的血流动力学更加平稳。
总之,2.0 μg/kg瑞芬太尼预处理可以使老年患者在围麻醉诱导期具有稳定的血流动力学,并抑制气管插管引起的交感神经兴奋,与3.0 μg/kg芬太尼预处理相比,可以更有效地抑制气管插管引起的咽喉反射。3.0 μg/kg芬太尼和2.0 μg/kg瑞芬太尼在抑制肌阵挛发生方面无显著差异。
4结论
3.0 μg/kg芬太尼和2.0 μg/kg瑞芬太尼预处理均可降低依托咪酯在老年患者全麻诱导期致肌阵挛的发生率和严重程度。2.0 μg/kg瑞芬太尼预处理在麻醉诱导期具有稳定血流动力学的作用。
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Preventive effect of fentanyl and remifentanil on myoclonus induced by etomidate in elderly patientsXIE Yu-fei1,SONG Dan-dan1,ZHOU Jin1,LIU Guo-li2(1.Department of Anesthesiology,General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region,Shenyang 110016,China;2.Department of Anesthesiology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University,Jinzhou 121001,China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo study the preventive effect of fentanyl and remifentanil on myoclonus and serious hemodynamic change induced by etomidate during general anesthesia in elderly patients.MethodsNinety patients (ASAⅠ~Ⅱ,>65 years old) who underwent elective surgery with general anesthesia were randomly divided into 3 groups:fentanyl group (group F),remifentanil group (group R) and normal saline group (group C).Patients were injected with etomidate (0.2 mg/kg) before induction of anesthesia,and group C was injected with normal saline 10 mL,group F was injected with fentanyl 3.0 μg/kg,and group R was injected with remifentanil 2.0 μg/kg.The injection time was at least 30 s.The incidence and intensity of myoclonus was observed.Patients were injected with 0.2 mg/kg cisatracurium besylate when the consciousness was lost and the eyelash reflex disappeared with BIS index less than 50,and the endotracheal intubation was given at 2 min after injection.The MAP and HR at baseline (T0),0 h after induction (T1),0 min (T2),1 min (T3) and 3 min (T4) after intubation.ResultsThe incidences of myoclonus in group F,group R and group C were 10%,3.3% and 50% respectively.The frequency and intensity of myoclonus in group F and group R were lower than those of group C (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the frequency and intensity of myoclonus between group F and group R (P>0.05).The stability of hemodynamic parameters after intubation in group R was better than those of group F and group C.ConclusionBoth fentanyl (3.0 μg/kg) and remifentanil (2.0 μg/kg) can reduce the incidence and intensity of myoclonus induced by etomidate injection in elderly patients.Pretreatment with remifentanil 2.0 μg/kg can provide stable hemodynamic parameters in elderly patients injected with etomidate.
Key words:Fentanyl;Remifentanil;Etomidate;Myoclonus;Elderly patient
DOI:10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201602015
收稿日期:2015-07-09