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微小RNA与恶性肿瘤关系的研究进展

2016-03-17王方平郑洁

安徽医药 2016年11期
关键词:核苷酸标志物调控

王方平,郑洁

(潍坊医学院,山东 潍坊 261053)



微小RNA与恶性肿瘤关系的研究进展

王方平,郑洁

(潍坊医学院,山东 潍坊 261053)

微小RNA(miRNA)是真核生物中一类长19~25个核苷酸的内源性非编码小RNA分子,在转录后水平对基因表达进行负调控,在细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡过程中发挥着调节器的功能。 肿瘤是涉及原癌基因的激活与抑癌基因的失活,其发生与发展过程是多因素、多步骤的。研究表明miRNA的表达与恶性肿瘤的侵袭、转移和复发有一定的相关性。研究并了解miRNA在肿瘤的发生、发展及转移过程中所发挥的作用,有助于我们找到治疗肿瘤的新方法。该文就miRNA的结构和生物学特性,以及与肿瘤的发生、发展、治疗、诊断及预后等方面所发挥的潜在价值作一综述。

肿瘤;微小RNA;治疗;诊断;预后

肿瘤是指机体在各种致瘤因子作用下,局部组织细胞在基因水平上失去对其生长的调控,导致单克隆性异常增生而形成的新生物,因为这种新生物多呈占位性块状突起,也称赘生物。在我国肿瘤的发病率较高,肿瘤确实是一种严重威胁人们身体健康的疾病。虽然到目前为止肿瘤的治疗方法在不断发展,但是晚期癌症患者预后仍然不佳,肿瘤的转移、侵袭与复发仍是一大难题。近几年来国内外通过对癌症患者的研究发现与肿瘤的发生、发展及转移与微小RNA(miRNA)表达有关[1]。miRNA已被证实为哺乳动物大量的细胞过程的重要调节剂,包括细胞增殖、细胞分化和凋亡[2]。研究表明,miRNA在各种肿瘤中具有非常重要的调节功能,miRNA通过调节原癌基因或抑癌基因与肿瘤的发生和发展密切相关[3]。其中胰腺癌、直肠癌、前列腺癌的miRNA与胃癌的miRNA表达谱具有相似性,但其与乳腺癌和肺癌的miRNA表达谱不同。miRNA通常位于染色体区域的“脆性点”以及与肿瘤相关的基因区域,miRNA是近几年发现的内源性非编码小RNA,可调控相关靶基因的表达来影响细胞的增殖、侵袭及转移等生物学行为参与肿瘤的发生发展的过程[4-6]。

1 miRNA的结构和生物学特性

miRNA是一类长为19~25个核苷酸的内源性非编码小RNA分子,通过基因转录后调控与抑制靶基因的表达等途径来发挥作用[7]。miRNA最早于1993年发现,Lee等[8]在秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans) 中发现了能调控胚胎后期发育的lin-4。2000年,Reinhart等[9]在线虫中发现了时间相关性miRNA:let-7。2001年据相关文献报道从线虫、果蝇和人体克隆的几十个相似秀丽小杆线虫的lin-4的小RNA基因,统称为miRNA[10-11]。

miRNA在核内是由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录形成的转录产物pri-miRNA[12],其后在核酸酶Drosha和辅助因子DGCR8/Pasha所构成的微处理器复合体中剪切成长为60~70个核苷酸5′磷酸基团和3′末端二核苷酸茎环结构的miRNA前体(per-miRNA)[13]。单一1条miRNA对癌症的诊断意义较小,而多个miRNA组合在一起对肿瘤特异性表达有明显的阶段差异性。

2 miRNA与肿瘤的关系

2.1 miRNA与肿瘤的发生发展 到目前为止,大约有30种miRNA与肿瘤的发生发展及形成相关。其过程中miRNA即有促进作用也有抑制作用[14]。在胃癌的形成过程中起到促进作用的miRNA有: miR-21、miR-23a、 miR-27a、miR-9、miR-101、miR-106a、miR-13ob、miR-106b-2、miR-200等;其过程中起到抑制作用的miRNA有:miR-31、miR-34、miR-34b/c、miR-93、miR-141、miR-181-c、miR-218、let家族(let-7a、let-7b及let-7c)miR-126[15-17]。

正常组织与肿瘤组织中miRNA的表达有所不同。其中miR-148a表达发生在许多疾病中。Huang等[18]研究表明miR-148a在多发性骨髓瘤的患者中明显上升,同时血浆中高浓度的miR-148a与其复发生存率相关。Yuan等[19]报道称miR-148a的上调与B细胞的肝癌相关。Gokhale等[20]研究表明miR-148a与髓母细胞肿瘤有关。此外,miR-148a的表达活性下降与结肠癌,前列腺癌以及卵巢癌相关[21-23]。

研究表明miR-146a与miR-155可能涉及幽门螺旋杆菌(Hp)感染的胃黏膜上皮细胞天然免疫下的NF-κB信号活化的负调控,从而导致HP感染的胃癌的发生与发展[24]。其中miR-21通过调节PECK在幽门螺杆菌介导的胃癌过程中发挥着一定的作用[25]。研究发现miR-218通过作用于ECOP来调控NF-κB的转录活性,从而抑制细胞的增殖,加快细胞的凋亡。

miRNA-210的表达上调与实体肿瘤相关,如乳腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、头颈部癌、胰腺癌、口腔癌、肝细胞癌、肾上腺皮质癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、恶性胶质瘤及肾细胞癌等[26-27]。

其中miR-200a与miR-200b与EB病毒(EBV)感染密切相关,用EBV感染胃癌细胞后发现miR-200表达性降低,同时伴有细胞黏附的缺失与cadherin表达性降低[28]。研究结果表明miRNA-210在乳腺癌患者中的表达是一个独立危险因素,表达性越高患者的预后性越差,生存率越低[29]。同时,Camps等[30]也发现miRNA-210的表达性与存活率及总生存率呈负相关。

研究表明,miRNA在胃癌的发生发展中起着重要的作用。其中miR-150与miR-130b提高胃癌细胞增殖活力及增加细胞的侵袭性来抑制细胞的凋亡,因此发挥了原癌基因的作用,促进了胃癌的发生与发展[31]。

2.2 miRNA与肿瘤的治疗 miRNA作为一类控制中心基因表达的调控因子,在肿瘤的发生发展过程当中发挥重要的作用,其可以调节蛋白的表达并且影响多种信息途径,miRNA作为生物治疗肿瘤的目标分子比基因编码更加有效[32],同时miRNA与靶基因的甲基化是肿瘤发生发展的重要因素。研究表明胃癌是以miRNA为基础,通过基因敲除来抑制或对miRNA的表达水平进行下调,以此增加miRNA的抑癌基因表达水平来达到治疗胃癌的目的[33]。相关研究表明,胃癌中的一个miRNA可以调节多个基因,而多个miRNA可以把一个基因作为共同靶点,因此miRNA与靶点之间的关系并非是一一对应的[34]。在抗肿瘤方面,如把MiR-21、miR-155的反义核苷酸整合为一个反义核苷酸抑制剂(MT-AMO)将比同剂量的单个miRNA 的反义核苷酸更加有效[35]。miRNA改善了化疗药物的耐药,据Chen等[36]研究显示,上调miR-200c的表达活性可以恢复E-钙黏蛋白与Bax蛋白表达,来灭活Bcl-2蛋白的表达;而miR-200c的表达活性也可以抑制胃癌SGC7901/DDP细胞株生长,同时能增强其对顺铂、5-FU、阿霉素、紫衫醇类药物的敏感性。Zhang等[37]发现在干扰miR-211、miR-222表达活性后,放疗后的胃癌细胞其生存率下降至37%,即下调miR-211/222表达活性可以抑制胃癌细胞的增殖与转移侵袭,同时能增强放疗的敏感性。

2.3 miRNA与肿瘤的诊断及预后 随着医疗技术的不断发展,对肿瘤的诊治手段也发生了相应的变化,但是癌症早期的检出率却一直没有明显的提高,但通过检测肿瘤中miRNA的表达可以帮助临床医生及时准确的发现隐匿的肿瘤。因此检测外周血中miRNA的表达将可能成为肿瘤诊断标志物,并且与比传统的病理活检手段更具优势。研究表明外周血中miRNA基因的表达水将是一种较理想的无创性肿瘤的诊断及预后评估的有效指标,有利于肿瘤患者的生存时间的延长以及生活质量的改善。

临床医生要对肿瘤患者的诊断、治疗以及预后做出准确的判断是非常有难度的。但大多数生物标志物的研究仍集中在mRNA和蛋白质方面,与其相比,miRNA的结构更为稳定更易于检查,这样一来使miRNA很好的充当着疾病的生物标志物[38]。实验证明miRNA的表达与肿瘤患者预后相关,如miR-21、miR-7a、miR-126、miR-223、miR-338[39]可以预测胃癌患者所处疾病阶段及预后。进一步研究表明miR-100、miR-105、miR-125b、miR-133a、miR-143、miR-145在弥漫型胃癌中表达性高,而miR-20、miR-373、miR-494、miR-498在肠型胃癌中表达性高[40]。Katada等[41]用RT-PCR的方法检测到胃癌患者中miR-20b和miR-150表达上调者预后差。Bandres等[42]发现miR-451表达下降者胃癌患者预后不良。Wang等[43]研究表明miR-17-5P和miR-20a高表达者胃癌患者预后不良。Wang等[44]研究表明miR-30c和miR-30e-5pY与膀胱癌患者预后相关。而且Zhou等[45]还发现miR-30c与子宫内膜癌患者的预后相关。所以不同病理类型的 miRNA的表达性是有差异的,这在估计肿瘤患者预后时可作为一个很好的参考指标。

3 存在的问题与展望

近年来miRNA已成为医学研究的焦点,miRNA与肿瘤的发生发展及转移侵袭有着密切的关系,它参与肿瘤发生发展的大部分阶段。未来miRNA将可能成为肿瘤诊断的标志物或者药物治疗的靶点。但目前对其具体机制仍不十分清楚,还需进一步研究。现如今对miRNA其自身调控机制研究甚少。对于肿瘤患者来说最迫切的愿望是尽快找出抑制miRNA的方法,将其应用到临床当中,治疗自身疾病,改善生活质量。因此寻找相关miRNA并深入研究其作用机制将对肿瘤患者的诊断及治疗有着重要的意义。同时miRNA将成为肿瘤新的诊断标志物及基因治疗的有效靶点,具有潜在的应用前景。

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Advances in the relationship between miRNA and malignant cancer

WANG Fangping,ZHENG Jie

(DepartmentofPathology,WeifangMedicalUniversity,Weifang,Shandong261053,China)

miRNAs are small(approximately 19~25 nucleotides)endogenous,non-coding RNAs that play significant roles in gene expression by cellular transcripts,resulting in mRNA translational inhibition,which are involved in cell proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis as important regulator.Malignant tumor is involving genetic dysregulation of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes,the genesis and development of whichis a multi-factor multi-step.Studies have shown that there is certain correlation between miRNA expressionand malignant tumor invasion,metastasis and recurrence.Studying and understanding the effect of miRNA is helpful for researching new treatment method of cancer.This paper reviews the structure and biological characteristics of miRNA and discusses its relationship with tumor genesis,treatment,diagnosis and prognosis.

Cancer;MiRNA;Treatment;Diagnosis;Prognosis

郑洁,女,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:肿瘤病理,E-mail:zj1978824@163.com

10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2016.11.003

2016-04-16,

2016-05-20)

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