超声对强直性脊柱炎外周附着点病变的早期诊断价值
2016-03-12崔若玫李锦春赵悦吟徐健
崔若玫 李锦春 赵悦吟 徐健
[摘要] 目的 研究强直性脊柱炎(AS)患者肌腱附着点病变的声像图特点,探讨超声对AS外周关节病变的早期诊断价值。 方法 应用高频超声及能量多普勒检测40例AS患者和20例健康志愿者,双下肢9个附着点(股四头肌肌腱止点、股骨和胫骨内外髁韧带附着点、髌韧带起点和止点、跟腱止点、跖底筋膜),并对肌腱端异常声像指标进行比较。 结果 共纳入40例AS患者,720个附着点中超声发现217处(30.1%)附着点病变,与对照组360个31处(8.6%)存在统计学差异(P=0.000),其中髌腱止点、股四头肌肌腱附着点及跟腱最常受累。在下肢附着点中,骨赘为最常见的病变。病例组有临床表现的肌腱附着点均有超声阳性表现。 结论 高频超声及能量多普勒可敏感地探查出AS患者肌腱附着点的异常,是AS附着点的早期诊断和疗效观察简便易行及安全有效的检查方法。
[关键词] 脊柱炎;超声检查;多普勒;能量;附着点炎
[中图分类号] R445.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2016)01-13-03
[Abstract] Objective To study the ultrasonographic features of enthesopathy in ankylosing spondylitis. To explore the clinical value of ultrasound in diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Methods Power Doppler high-frequency ultrasound was adopted to detect 9 tendon insertion sites located in double lower limbs in 20 healthy volunteers and 40 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The tendon thicknesses and abnormal ultrasonic manifestations were compared between the two groups. Results 40 AS patients and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. 217 of the 720 attaching point lesions (33.1%) were detected in AS group and 31 of 720 attaching point lesions (8.6%) were detected in healthy group (P=0.000). Of the detected attaching point lesions, those at the distal patellar ligament, the quadriceps femoris attachment, and achilles tendon were most involved. Bursitis was the most common lesion of the attachments in lower extremities. Patients with manifestations of enthesitis have positive ultrasonographic findings. Conclusion US can detect enthesopathy sensitively at distal patellar ligament, sternoclavicular joint and symphysis pubis. It is not only simple, but is safe and effective in early diagnosis of enthesitis in AS patients.
[Key words] Ankylosing spondylitis; Ultrasonography; Doppler; Power; Enthesitis
强直性脊柱炎是一种慢性、系统性、进展的炎性疾病,除特征性侵犯中轴关节外,往往还侵犯外周关节。通常认为外周关节受累呈良性病程,不留后遗症。高分辨超声检查操作简单、费用低廉,不仅能够较好的显示关节及周围软组织的病理改变[1],还能对骨和软骨表面的细微病变[2-3],如肌腱厚度改变、肌腱纤维结构紊乱、滑囊炎、骨侵蚀及骨赘等有明确提示,提高病变的诊断率[4-5]。本研究通过二维及能量多普勒超声观察AS患者和志愿者外周附着点的声像和血流情况,检测其在诊断附着点中的临床意义,并观察外周关节损害情况。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
病例组40例,均为2012年10月~ 2013年4 月到我科就诊AS患者,诊断均符合1984年纽约修订标准[6],均为男性,年龄16~55岁,平均(29±12)岁。健康对照组:男性志愿者20名,年龄20~55岁,平均(31±10)岁,均无局部感染、关节手术及外伤史、探查部位近3个月行局部激素或其他药物注射治疗。
1.2 仪器与方法
采用意大利百盛MyLab 30GOLD超声诊断仪,选用7~15,12~18MHz线阵探头。由有经验的经过肌肉骨骼超声正规培训的风湿科医生进行超声检查,检查部位参照临床常见的外周附着点炎部位和格拉斯哥超声附着点评分(GUESS)[7]系统设定,包括跖底筋膜、跟腱止点、股四头肌肌腱止点、股骨和胫骨内外髁肌腱附着点、髌韧带起点和止点。检查股四头肌肌腱止点、股骨和胫骨内外髁肌腱附着点、髌韧带起点和止点,要求患者仰卧位或坐位,膝关节屈曲30°、下肢伸展;检查跖底筋膜及跟腱,要求俯卧位,双足屈曲90°悬空置床边缘。对股四头肌肌腱止点、髌韧带起点和止点、跟腱止点、跖底筋膜采用格拉斯哥超声附着点评分(GUESS)进行判读,股骨和胫骨内外髁韧带附着点主要记录附着部位骨侵蚀、骨赘、韧带厚度改变、韧带内钙化情况。每个部位分别行纵向及横向扫查[8]。然后采用能量多普勒超声观察所有受检附着点处血流分布情况。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS17.0统计软件。各组计数资料采用率表示,两组之间差异比较采用x2检验或Fisher's,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 超声与临床检查比较
病例组40例共720处附着点部位进行检查,超声发现异常的附着点数为217处(30.1%),而对照组20例360处仅为31处(8.6%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.00)(表1)。其中病例组12处(1.7%)出现多普勒血流,对照组没有多普勒血流,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.008)。
2.2 病变部位分析
患者下肢附着点以骨赘(11.9%)为最常见病变,其次为滑囊炎 (9.6%),关节腔积液(6.8%),肌腱增厚(6.1%)。见表2。
3 讨论
AS是风湿病中常见的炎性关节病之一,致残率较高,目前尚无根治办法,但许多研究显示早期干预性治疗能够延缓病情的进展,改善预后。而外周关节附着点存在肌腱、韧带血供稀少且分布密集的解剖学特点,一直是AS的治疗难点[9]。这就对AS的早期诊断和关节功能的评估提出了新的要求。
X线检查是目前用于附着点炎诊断和病情评估最常用的影像学方法,但此检查不能显示附着点、滑囊及血流情况,出现X线检查阳性为中晚期患者,错过最佳治疗时机。而高频超声对软组织显像敏感,对钙化、骨侵蚀等方面同样敏感[10]。高分辨超声具有无放射性、操作方便、价格低廉、可重复操作等优点,其在附着点病变方面的诊断应用倍受关注[11-12]。Balint等对35例脊柱关节病患者超声检查可发现亚临床附着点的病变。本研究显示超声在AS患者外周关节病变的检测中可以清楚地发现滑囊炎、关节腔积液、骨侵蚀、肌腱增厚、骨赘及血流信号。发现超声异常的217个附着点中仅有86个临床检查有阳性体征,与超声检查相比,临床检查呈较低的敏感性[13]。
彩色和能量多普勒超声可以显示滑膜的血供情况,丰富的血流信号可提示炎症正处于活动期[14-15],这与本研究结果相吻合。通常认为外周关节附着点炎一般无后遗症,不影响关节功能。本研究发现除跟腱外,股四头肌肌腱止点、髌腱止点也是AS患者容易受累的部位,这些部位受累对关节功能影响很大,延误治疗更容易导致骨质侵蚀、骨赘、韧带钙化的后果,严重的可导致韧带撕裂或断裂。GUESS 评分并没针对炎症相关的多普勒信号进行评价,有可能导致该评分不能完全放映患者的病情,延误活动期的治疗[16]。本研究加上了能量多普勒检查,期望在病变早期、活动期进行积极干预后可减少附着点骨质破坏和慢性病变。高频超声及能量多普勒超声可敏感地探查出AS患者肌腱附着点的异常,可能是AS附着点的早期诊断和疗效观察简便易行及安全有效的检查方法。但超声附着点病变评价与患者疾病活动是否存在相关性,还有待今后进一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2015-09-16)