Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌新进展
2016-03-10刘大江杜文静杨永秀
刘大江,杜文静,杨永秀
Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌新进展
刘大江,杜文静,杨永秀△
【摘要】子宫内膜癌是女性Lynch综合征患者最常见的肠外肿瘤,与散发性子宫内膜癌不同,该病是常染色体显性遗传病,病因及发病机制是错配修复基因(MLH1、MSH2、MSH6及PMS2)的突变或异常表达。患者发病年龄年轻,病理类型多样,包括子宫内膜样癌、透明细胞癌、浆液性癌、未分化癌或癌肉瘤等。由于该病再次发生肿瘤的风险较高,危害大,因此及时治疗Lynch综合征相关的子宫内膜癌是有效预防该类患者再次发生肿瘤的关键。就Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌的病因、发病机制、临床病理特征及诊断、治疗和筛查新进展进行综述。
【关键词】结直肠肿瘤,遗传性非息肉性;子宫内膜肿瘤;癌;诊断;治疗
作者单位:730000兰州大学第一医院妇产科
△审校者
(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2016,43:67-69)
Lynch综合征(Lynch syndrome)是常染色体显性遗传病,患者多种组织有癌变倾向,如胃、卵巢、胆道、尿道、小肠、大脑和胰腺等,子宫内膜癌是Lynch综合征最常见的肠外肿瘤,Lynch综合征家族妇女以子宫内膜癌为首发癌的概率高于结直肠癌,相关子宫内膜癌终生累积发病率高达60%,绝大多数患者在>35岁以后诊断,平均诊断年龄为48~49岁,而散发型子宫内膜癌的平均诊断年龄为63岁[1]。因此,及时发现Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌这一亚类,对于预防患者其他肿瘤的发生,提高患者的生存率具有重要意义。此外,Lynch综合征家族成员也可及早进行基因检测,预防Lynch综合征相关肿瘤的发生。
Lynch综合征相关的结直肠癌已在分子病理、患病风险、基因研究及其预防中取得了意义重大的进展[2-3],而Lynch综合征相关的子宫内膜癌目前才逐渐被重视,就Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌最新进展进行综述。
1 病因及发病机制
Lynch综合征的病因是DNA错配修复(DNA mismatch repair,MMR)基因的突变,这些MMR基因包括MLH1、MSH2、MSH6及PMS2[3],其生理功能是消除DNA复制过程中由于DNA聚合酶滑移而引起的碱基-碱基错配和插入-缺失环的形成。碱基-碱基错配损害主要影响非重复的DNA,从而导致单碱基错配,表现为DNA复制错误(replication errors,RER)。而插入-缺失环的形成会影响DNA重复序列,引起短重复序列的插入或缺失,亦可表现为微卫星的插入或缺失,从而表现为微卫星不稳定性(microsatellite instablility,MSI)。DNA复制过程中,在复制一个重复单位后,子链与模板链分离,然后与下一个或下几个重复单位重新结合,使一个或几个重复单位形成“环凸”区域。正常情况下该结构可被MMR系统校正,但MMR系统失常时,子链DNA如继续延伸即可引起突变。目前MMR基因的作用机制仍不是很明确,推测可能是MMR基因编码的错配修复蛋白相互作用形成一种多聚复合物,参与细胞错配修复反应。hMLH1与hPMS2蛋白及hMSH2 与hMSH6形成hMutL α二聚体,与结合到DNA链上的hMutS形成一种暂时性的复合物,从而启动错配修复,在DNA聚合酶Ⅲ、DNA连接酶、单链结合蛋白、外切核酸酶及增殖细胞核抗原等的参与下,切除含有错配碱基的一段DNA链,然后重新合成一段DNA链,这样就修复了含错配碱基的DNA核苷酸链。MMR基因突变破坏了MMR蛋白的功能,引起重复DNA序列的产生及DNA修复错误,导致患者DNA出现MSI,MSI导致癌基因的激活或抑癌基因的失活,诱发癌变[4-6]。Lynch综合征女性患子宫内膜癌的风险与MMR突变基因的类型相关,MSH2基因发生突变的概率约为50%~60%,MLH1约24%~40%,MSH6约10%~13%。尽管MSH6基因发生突变的概率低于MSH2,但MSH6基因突变导致子宫内膜癌的风险高于MSH2基因突变[7-8]。
2 临床病理特征及诊断
Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌患者发病较年轻,平均发病年龄为46.4岁[9-11],而散发子宫内膜癌平均发病年龄约>50岁,且Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌患者无肥胖、糖尿病、多囊卵巢综合征及雌激素过多等表现,可出现阴道不规则出血,在Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌中均可见Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌。Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌病理特征如下[12-14]:①组织类型多样,包括子宫内膜样癌、透明细胞癌、浆液性癌、未分化癌或癌肉瘤。散发子宫内膜癌则95%为子宫内膜样癌。②MSI高表达,分化差,可以表现出Crohn样炎症。③病灶通常位于子宫体下段。此外,Lynch综合征女性患者中,子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌可同时出现。卵巢癌的常见病理类型是透明细胞癌。患者一旦诊断为子宫内膜癌,尤其是相对年轻、低体质量指数(BMI)、有家族史或有Lynch综合征相关的其他肿瘤,则需要排除Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌。因为Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌患者,初次癌发病后10年内再次患癌的概率为25%,15年内再次患癌率为50%[15]。
Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌可出现MMR蛋白表达异常,但当MLH1蛋白表达时,需排除MLH1的甲基化(MLH1甲基化常见于散发子宫内膜癌)。由于MLH1与PMS2蛋白、MSH2与MSH6蛋白分别配对成复合物发挥错配修复功能。因此,MLH1基因突变或甲基化均可导致免疫组化检测中MLH1和PMS2蛋白的异常表达。MSH2基因突变,导致免疫组化检测中MSH2和MSH6蛋白异常表达。而单独MSH6基因的表达只有MSH6蛋白表达异常。因此,对于Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌的诊断,需要在基因水平上检测出MMR基因的突变,利用DNA测序检测MMR基因是诊断Lynch综合征的最可靠方法,但由于费用昂贵,在无目标人群时,临床难以广泛应用。目前较为一致的观点是对于相对年轻、低BMI、有家族史或Lynch综合征相关的其他肿瘤,可先检测MMR蛋白检测,若表达出现异常,再行基因突变检测[16-17]。截至目前,关于Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌资料有限,以上临床病理特征及对Lynch综合征的诊断缺乏特异性和敏感性,但仍需引起重视,以便进行遗传咨询和基因检测。
3 筛查人群
在女性,子宫内膜癌可作为Lynch综合征的“前哨癌”,因此,如能有效地对该患者或家庭成员进行筛查,可达到预防治疗的目的。广泛开展Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌筛查已达成共识并已经在一些医疗中心开展。结合Amsterdam、Bethesd及SGO诊断标准[12-13,16],目前推荐对以下子宫内膜癌患者行进一步筛查:①<60岁的患者;②>60岁无肥胖、多囊卵巢综合征或雌激素增高的患者;③子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌同时出现的患者;④既往有直肠癌病史的患者。筛查流程为:患者首选MMR蛋白(即MLH1、MSH2、MSH6及PMS2蛋白)免疫组化检测。如MLH1蛋白异常,可进一步进行MLH1甲基化检测。如是MSH2、MSH6或PMS2单独异常,可直接行基因突变检测。如果MLH1的异常不是由甲基化引起,则可行MLH1基因检测。如MLH1和PMS2蛋白同时异常,首先考虑检测MLH1基因。同样,如MSH2和MSH6蛋白同时异常,行MSH2基因检测。若检测到上述任意基因的突变,即可确诊为Lynch综合征,有助于预防该患者其他部位或家族成员肿瘤的发生。
4 治疗
尽管Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌的发病机制及临床特征与散发子宫内膜癌不同,但大部分治疗方式类似。具体如下:①孕激素不适用于此类患者;②依据肿瘤的组织学类型与分期,采取相应的分期手术,Ⅱ期以上可结合肿瘤分级、淋巴结转移或脉管内瘤栓考虑联合放化疗;③对子宫体下段癌应考虑手术加淋巴结清扫术;④放射治疗是对有手术禁忌证患者的主要治疗方法,其疗效满意;⑤预防性治疗,对于Lynch家族妇女推荐妇科肿瘤临床监测,>35岁开始行每年1次经阴道超声检查和子宫内膜活检,但该方案的有效性有限。行预防性手术切除子宫和双侧附件可有效降低这些妇女中妇科肿瘤的发病率[18-20]。Lasset等[21]研究发现检测MMR基因的突变类型有助于确定手术人群和手术的最佳年龄,对于MLH1和MSH2基因突变的携带者,手术可推迟至40岁。
5 预后及展望
由于对该类子宫内膜癌研究不多,尚无资料表明Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌与散发子宫内膜癌之间在预后指标上的差异。如能明确此问题,将对系统全面认识Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌具有重大意义。此外,建立长期有效的筛查流程可提高Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌的诊断、治疗及预防水平。
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[本文编辑王昕]
The New Progress of Lynch Syndrome Related Endometrial Cancer
LIU Da-jiang,DU Wen-jing,YANG Yong-xiu.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,the First Hospital of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China Corresponding author:YANG Yong-xiu,E-mail:yongxiuyang@163.com
【Abstract】Endometrial carcinoma is the most common parenteral tumor in female patients with Lynch syndrome.The disease is different from sporadic endometrial carcinoma,which is autosomal dominant genetic disease,and the pathogenesis and mechanism are the abnormalities of mismatch repair genes(MLH1,MSH2,MSH6 and PMS2).Patients are much younger compared to sporadic endometrial carcinoma and pathological type is more diversity,including endometrial carcinoma,clear cell carcinoma,serous carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma and sarcoma,etc.Due to the higher risk of tumor recurrence and its great harmfulness of the disease,timely treatment of the Lynch syndrome related endometrial carcinoma is the key to inhibit the secondary tumor.This article is to summarize the new progress the etiology and pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma,the clinical pathological characteristics and diagnosis,treatment and screening of Lynch syndrome related endometrial carcinoma.
【Keywords】Colorectal neoplasms,hereditary nonpolyposis;Endometrial neoplasms;Carcinoma;Diagnosis;Therapy
通信作者:杨永秀,E-mail:yongxiuyang@163.com
收稿日期:(2015-07-06)