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In2S3—Ag/TiO2三元纳米体系光催化降解2,4—D的实验研究

2016-03-05余健赵令晖唐浩刘承斌李玥

湖南大学学报·自然科学版 2015年12期
关键词:光催化

余健++赵令晖++唐浩++刘承斌++李玥

摘 要:采用两步沉积法首次合成出新三元纳米材料-In2S3-Ag/TiO2纳米管阵列,并用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、光致发光光谱仪(PL)等仪器对该三元催化剂进行形貌、元素、晶体结构的表征与光电性能的测试,并将该三元催化体系应用于2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)的光降解实验.结果表明,In2S3-Ag/TiO2三元纳米材料所特有的两步光激发体系使它的催化降解能力显著提高,在溶液pH为4.23时,140 min内可实现对2,4-D 100%的去除;强酸和强碱的环境都不利于三元催化剂In2S3-Ag/TiO2对 2,4-D的催化降解.最后对三元催化剂的光催化降解机理进行了探讨.

关键词:光催化;In2S3-Ag/TiO2;两步沉积法;两步光激发

中图分类号:X5 文献标识码:A

The Investigation of Photodegradation of 2,4-D by the

Three-component System In2S3-Ag/TiO2 Nanotube Arrays

YU Jian1, ZHAO Ling-hui1, TANG Hao1, LIU Cheng-bin2, LI Yue2

(1. College of Civil Engineering, Hunan Univ, Changsha,Hunan 410082, China;

2. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Univ, Changsha,Hunan 410082,China)

Abstract:A new kind of three-component nanomaterials-In2S3-Ag/TiO2 nanotube arrays was first synthesized in two-step deposition method. In this study, the morphology, elements, crystal structure and photoelectric property testing of the three-component photocatalyst were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fluorescence photoluminescence spectra (PL), etc. The three-component photocatalyst was applied to the photodegradation 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acetic acid (2,4-D). The photocatalytic degradation experiment results of 2,4-D have shown that its 100% removal rate can be achieved within 140 minutes. The unique two-step excitation process in the three-component In2S3-Ag/TiO2NTs system leads to the significant improvement of photocatalytic ability. The experiments indicate that different values of pH and the concentration of 2,4-D have significant effect on degradation. The preliminary results show that the photocatalytic reactions are optimized at pH 4.23, higher or lower pH levels will reduce the removal rate due to the phase change of 2,4-D molecules. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism was also analyzed with equations and model diagrams.

Key words:photocatalysis; In2S3-Ag/TiO2; the two-step deposition method; the two-step excitation process

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)是一种植物生长调节剂和除草剂,在常温条件下性质稳定,微溶于水,使用后残留的大部分2,4-D进入土壤与水环境中. 虽然2,4-D遇紫外线照射会引起部分分解,但自然分解速率缓慢,在黑土中的降解半衰期为27.3 d,红土中为301.4 d.2,4-D属于低毒类有机物,能经口、皮肤吸附进入人体造成损害,对眼睛、皮肤均有刺激作用,其急性毒性主要表现为神经毒性[ 1].目前对存在于环境中的2,4-D的去除方法主要有生物降解、臭氧氧化以及光降解等.其中,光催化降解是一种新兴的绿色水处理技术,它具有高效、无二次污染、适用范围广等优点,在环境污染治理领域已初步显示出其明显的优越性[ 2].

光催化作用是光催化剂(多数指半导体材料)在光照条件下,通过在空间内不同类型纳米分子之间的联动作用,有效地将太阳能转化为其它能量形式的反应 [ 3-6].二氧化钛纳米管阵列(TiO2 nanotube arrays,简称TiO2NTs)以其无毒、价廉、化学稳定性强、催化活性高等优良特性在水处理领域展现出广阔的应用前景[ 7-8].TiO2是一种宽禁带的半导体材料(Eg=3.2 eV),为了增强其对可见光的吸收能力,提高其光生电子空穴对的分离效率,需要对TiO2纳米管阵列进行修饰 [ 9-10].而三元复合纳米催化剂由于其特有的两步光激发过程和电子转移中介作用而使光生电子空穴对的分离效率得到提高,受到了研究人员的广泛关注[ 11-13].

硫化铟(In2S3)具有绿色环保、带隙窄(2.0 eV)、能级结构理想等优点[ 14];而银(Ag)成本低,且可加强局部表面等离子体共振效应[ 15],提高半导体之间的电子转移效率,因此可作为二者之间的电子转移桥梁.

迄今为止,用于光催化降解的In2S3-Ag/TiO2NTs三元纳米材料还未见报道,因此,本文采用物理化学方法制备出In2S3-Ag/TiO2NTs三元复合纳米材料,对其进行表征,并将其应用于2,4-D的光催化降解,探讨三元纳米材料In2S3-Ag/TiO2NTs作为光催化剂应用于芳香烃类有机物光催化降解的效果.

1 实 验

1.1 材料与试剂

钛片(纯度为99.8%,厚度为0.127 mm)购买于Aldrich(Milwaukee,WI)公司.2,4-D购买于Johnson Matthey Alfa AESAR.硫酸氢钠(NaHSO4)、氟化钠(NaF)、氯化铟(InCl3)、硫代硫酸钠(Na2S2O3)以及其他化学试剂均为分析纯.整个实验过程中使用的水均为去离子水.

1.2 二氧化钛纳米管阵列(TiO2NTs)的制备

阳极氧化反应前,将钛片剪成4 cm×1 cm的长方形,然后用稀氢氟酸(1∶3)和去离子水清洗掉表面的有机物,干燥后备用.将此钛片作为两电极体系中的阳极,用铂电极作为阴极.将电极浸入到含有0.5 mol/L NaHSO4和0.1 mol/L NaF的电解液中,在室温下用15 V的电压氧化阳极2 h.为了获得具有较高光催化活性的锐钛矿晶型TiO2,需要将其进行高温热处理:在500 ℃下煅烧3 h,然后降至室温,升温和降温速率均为2 ℃·min-1.

1.3 Ag和In2S3纳米粒子对TiO2NTs的修饰

首先用Ag纳米粒子修饰TiO2NTs.采用循环伏安法将Ag+还原为Ag,并使其生长在TiO2纳米管阵列的表面.该实验使用CHI660D型电化学工作站,在其三电极体系中,参比电极为甘汞电极,对电极为铂电极,工作电极为二氧化钛纳米管阵列.分散液为预配的0.5 mM Na3[ Ag(S2O3)2]溶液.参数设置为:起始电位-1.5 V,结束电位-1.5 V,最高电位1.0 V,扫速0.05 V/s.扫描电位从-1.5 V开始,经最高电位1.0 V,最终回到结束电位-1.5 V,这个过程称为一个循环.循环次数(cycle number,简称c)分别设为5 c,7 c和10 c.循环次数增加,沉积Ag纳米粒子的量随之增多.

其次用连续离子层吸附法(Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption And Reaction,简称SILAR)使In2S3纳米粒子生长在Ag/TiO2NTs表面.将上一步制备好的Ag/TiO2NTs先浸泡在0.025 mol/L InCl3溶液中1 min,后浸泡在去离子水中30 s,再浸泡在0.375 mol/L Na2S溶液中1 min,最后浸泡在去离子水中30 s.同样,将上述4步程序称为一个循环(c).在本实验中,循环次数仍然设为5 c,7 c和10 c.循环次数增加,沉积In2S3纳米粒子的量随之增多.最后将制备好的In2S3-Ag/TiO2NTs在氩气保护下,于400 ℃下煅烧1 h,然后冷却至室温.

Ag和In2S3纳米粒子在TiO2NTs表面的沉积过程见图1.

3 结 论

1)通过两步沉积法首次成功合成一种光降解芳香族化合物的新型催化剂——三元纳米复合材料In2S3-Ag/TiO2NTs.

2)在合成三元光催化剂In2S3-Ag/TiO2NTs 时,Ag的循环以5次为佳,In2S3循环以7次较好.

3)在溶液pH为4.23的条件下,以7 cIn2S3-5 cAg/TiO2NTs为催化剂,浓度为15 mg/L 的2,4-D在140 min内的光催化去除率可达到100%.

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